Roman Gladiators Essay examples -- Roman History

GladiatorGladiatorial events were a token of the Roman civilization. A brutal form of sacrifice adapted from the previous civilization of Etruscans, who believed when a person dies, his spirit relies on a blood sacrifice to survive in the afterlife. The first event to take place in Rome was in 264 BC, when Decimus Brutus held a sacrifice to honor his dead father (Roman Gladiator). Soon after these events became an undeniable fictitious character of the Romans lives, used for political power and ecumenical entertainment. A gladiators life was far from easy. Most were slaves, prisoners of war, or hardened criminals, therefore they were not free men. Often times they were trained and forced to take part in the events, hoping for their freedom if they were to conquer their grim fate and survived for a few years (wik). This was depicted in the most recent movie GLADIATOR. In this aim Russel Crowe Maximus starts out as an army general under Marcus Aurelius, until Commudus murder s his own father out of spite for his fathers loyalty to Maximus and not him. He then inherits the title of king, and condemns Maximus to a gruesome fate as a slave/gladiator. Though this doesnt sound like the ideal life, to some at the time is was an appealing, so much so that some free men degraded themselves so they could battle in the games. Was it for basic living? Possibly but more than likely it was for the Fame and Prestige of a Gladiator. These free men were known as Professional gladiators.Training was hard for these with child(p) warriors, they often trained at special gladiator schools, the largest of which was connected to the great Coliseum by underground passages. Here they learned how to fight skill in full with swords, daggers, nets, chains, and an... ...m. This huge circular arena was the pinnacle of the Roman Gladiatorial games, and though it isnt fully intact, it is a great reminder of ancient culture. Though today these games seem inhumane and unneces sary, to their ancient culture it was a vacation from everyday stress. Even the emperor butterfly was said to understand that though money and grain would satisfy and individual, large spectacles were necessary for the contentment of the masses (wes civ). Works Cited1. Gladiator. Dreamworks Video. 2005. Directed by Ridley Scott.2. Gladiators. Wikepedia, 2007. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator3. capital of Mississippi J. Spielvogel. Western Civilization Third Edition, A Brief History volume 1 to 1715. 2005 Belmont CA. Wadsworth Publishing4. The Roman Gladiator. Classics Technology Center. 2005. http//ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/gladiator1.html

Destructive Materialism in The Pearl :: essays research papers

In The Pearl, the author, John Steinbeck, uses the pearl to express what human nature is. Kino, a poor pearl fisher, finds the ?pearl of the world? and imagines all the things he willing buy after he has sold the pearl. At the beginning of the novel, the pearl that Kino finds is described as being large, incandescent and as perfect as the moon, by the end of the novel, Kino looks at the pearl and it is ugly, gray, like a malignant growth. In general, mankinds are greedy, deceptive and evil. In the novel, Steinbeck tries to spread the mental object that materialism destroys people.In the novel, The Pearl, John Steinbeck does an excellent job portraying how materialism destroys people. Juana says to Kino ?This pearl is evil. This pearl is like a sin. It will destroy us all?(38). Even though Juana warns Kino that the pearl will bring misfortunes to the family and advises him to throw the pearl away, Kino neither takes the advice nor listens to what his wife says because Kinos mind is already overtaken by his dreams. Kino puts the pearl before his family and even if his wife takes it, he attacks her to reclaim it. ?He strikes her in the face and she falls among the boulders, and he kicks her in the side...He hisses at her like a snake and she stares at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before a butcher? (59). Kino hits his wife and becomes more evil after he has found the pearl. Also, Kino has lost his humanity and becomes like an animal. He will not consider his family anymore like he used to because he has off-key evil and he is overtaken by his dreams. Steinbeck uses the scene where people burn down Kinos house to show humans do evil acts to harm someone. Since the pearl dealers cannot take of a way that can deceive Kino, they burn down his house in revenge, which makes Kinos family become homeless.

Marriage in Babbit by Sinclair Lewis :: Lewis Babbitt Essays

Marriage in Babbit by Sinclair Lewis    In the novel line, Sinclair Lewis touches upon various issues that characterize American society. Marriage was one of these various issues that Lewis focused on. In the story, George Babbitt was married and his best friend, Paul Riesling, was married. They both seemed uneasy about their marriages and were not pleased with their situations. George of all time seemed to care less for Myra, she was as sexless as an anemic nun... no one, save except Tinka, was all inte sticked in her or entirely aware that she was brisk (Lewis 7). Paul also truly disliked his married woman Zilla, why I want to kill her, (i)f I only could divorce her If shed just give me the chance (Lewis 58-59). This overlook of feeling for their wives is what Lewis focused on in the rest of the story.             Lewis brings about conflict between these twain characters and their wives. He brings about the id ea of infidelity between the two married couples. The dissatisfaction for their wives leads George and Paul to lust for other women. Lewis is devising the point that when men are dissatisfied with their women, they go and try to find others to satisfy their hunger.   George dreamt of a fairy girl that he could run out with and escape from his friends and most of all, his wife (Lewis 2-3). Babbitt also had two affairs on which Lewis indirectly, with class points out. Babbitt and his buddies in Maine, picked up a prostitute in which some devious behavior took place. This behavior was never known to his family, nor to anyone in Zenith... (i)t was not officially recognized even by himself. His chief affair was with a widow, Tanis Judique. He had even spent the night with her, but he later dumped her to be free. Paul on the other hand only had one affair. He had an affair with a lady named May Arnold that he had been writing, who lived in Chicago. This affair with May was Pauls infidelity to his plain wife Zilla.             By describing these instances of men cheating, Lewis revealed to his readers what was not ordinarily portrayed about American culture.Marriage in Babbit by Sinclair Lewis Lewis Babbitt Essays Marriage in Babbit by Sinclair Lewis    In the novel Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis touches upon various issues that characterize American society. Marriage was one of these various issues that Lewis focused on. In the story, George Babbitt was married and his best friend, Paul Riesling, was married. They both seemed uneasy about their marriages and were not pleased with their situations. George always seemed to care less for Myra, she was as sexless as an anemic nun... no one, save except Tinka, was all interested in her or entirely aware that she was alive (Lewis 7). Paul also truly disliked his wife Zilla, why I want to kill her, (i)f I only could divorce her If shed just give me the chance (Lewis 58-59). This lack of feeling for their wives is what Lewis focused on in the rest of the story.             Lewis brings about conflict between these two characters and their wives. He brings about the idea of infidelity between the two married couples. The dissatisfaction for their wives leads George and Paul to lust for other women. Lewis is making the point that when men are dissatisfied with their women, they go and try to find others to satisfy their hunger.   George dreamt of a fairy girl that he could run off with and escape from his friends and most of all, his wife (Lewis 2-3). Babbitt also had two affairs on which Lewis indirectly, with class points out. Babbitt and his buddies in Maine, picked up a prostitute in which some devious behavior took place. This behavior was never known to his family, nor to anyone in Zenith... (i)t was not officially recognized even by himself. His chief affair was with a widow, Tanis Judique. He had even spent the night with her, but he later dumped her to be free. Paul on the other hand only had one affair. He had an affair with a lady named May Arnold that he had been writing, who lived in Chicago. This affair with May was Pauls infidelity to his nagging wife Zilla.             By describing these instances of men cheating, Lewis revealed to his readers what was not commonly portrayed about American culture.

Culture and a Mans Dying Wish :: essays research papers

A man dies. His communitys culture deems that he be buried in holy ground lest the community suffer some catastrophe. He, having always been at odds with his community on this point, has left a provision in his will that he be cremated and his ashes scattered into the ocean. The body waits in the hospital composition the community debates the issue. What is to be done?The elders have asked for a moral opinion. What is one to say? If the belief that the man must be buried is one deep ingrained in the hearts and minds of the community, then a decision to cremate him would cause an uproar. On the other hand, if there are some who sympathize with the man, every decision might cause a schism within the community. The ultimate action would have to depend on much more than the cultures belief nigh burial. It would have to take into account the cultures beliefs on individual skillfuls, freedom of belief, and the validity of the mans will. It would also have to take into account the mora l implications of carrying out a mans death wish and the repercussions of violating a sacred social institution. This is not a decision to be taken lightly, but by stepping back and weighing the options carefully, one lavatory come to a conclusion which would be the most moral given the situation. I say most moral because there really is no right choice here. Any action taken will most definitely be wrong to at least one group of people. Here no plea can be made to universal morality because neither belief in its specific sense appeals to any pure moral intuition. race on the other side of the world might have neither the belief that the man should be buried, nor the belief that his ashes should be spread. Each persons choice would be too influenced by his own cultural morality, and so nobody would really have a right to judge.Were I to be asked for an opinion on this matter, I feel I would have no authority in my response. It is really the communitys choice, and I would be afrai d to make a decision which affects people entirely strange to me. I doubt they would ask me in the first place, but were I to be asked my opinion I would say that the man should be buried in the special burial ground.

The Clean Water Act Of 1977 :: The Clean Water Act

As swans drift with the current on a sequestrate lake in upper Canada they think not of the wet they ar in but of dreams of the past and wants for the future. On the other hand, seals score the coast of Northern calcium fear for their lives every day of humans exploiting their natural habitat. Many things great deal endanger water born animals, and most all of these come directly from humans. The pollutants of water come from many sources both close and far away from the water body itself. Wastes of humans are the major cause of pollution in the water, such(prenominal) materials include sewage, chemicals among other notable items. First, the composition water water is odorless, tasteless and a transparent liquid. Though in large quantities water appears to have a bluish tint, it maintains the transparent tendency when observed in smaller quantities. Water covers approximately seventy percent of the Earths surface in the solid and liquid form. Pollutants can be carried over a gr eat distance by combining with evaporating moisture, forming clouds and then the wind taking the clouds to the larger body of water. This process is called acid precipitate and it is a major source of water pollution. Acid rain has been a problem since the Industrial Revolution, and has kept growing ever since. With acid rain base over to a fresh water body, the plants and animals could experience pollution that they never had to deal with before and they could possibly die for the sudden change without them having time to adapt, if this is possible. absolved water involves seclusion of lakes and hoping the acid rain does not reach these pure water supplies. Another major source of contaminating clean water are oil spills and how destructively they blanket the shoreline they come in contact with. Although offshore drilling expeditions contribute some to the devastating outcome, oil tankers are the superior enemies toward the water. unmatched estimate is that for every one millio n tons of petroleum shipped one ton is spilled. The largest super tanker spill was in 1979 when 3.3 million barrels was spilled off the coast of France. The largest in the United States was the Exxon Valdez in the gulf of Alaska. On the night of March 24, 1989 the 987 foot Exxon Valdez ran aground in the gulf of Alaska spilling 260,000 barrels of oil. With the help of the emphatic winds, the slick soon covered about 1,100 miles of shoreline, including many islands in the sound.

The Clean Water Act Of 1977 :: The Clean Water Act

As swans drift with the current on a secluded lake in upper Canada they think not of the water system they are in but of dreams of the past and wants for the future. On the other hand, seals off the marge of Northern California care for their lives every day of humans exploiting their natural habitat. Many things can endanger water born animals, and most all of these make out directly from humans. The pollutants of water come from many sources both close and far away from the water body itself. Wastes of humans are the major cause of pollution in the water, such materials allow in sewage, chemicals among other notable items. First, the composition water water is odorless, tasteless and a transparent liquid. Though in large quantities water appears to have a gamy tint, it maintains the transparent tendency when observed in smaller quantities. Water c everyplaces approximately seventy percent of the Earths surface in the solid and liquid form. Pollutants can be carried over a gre at distance by combining with evaporating moisture, forming clouds and then the wind taking the clouds to the larger body of water. This process is called acid rain and it is a major source of water pollution. Acid rain has been a problem since the Industrial Revolution, and has kept growing ever since. With acid rain moving over to a fresh water body, the plants and animals could experience pollution that they never had to deal with before and they could possibly die for the sudden change without them having time to adapt, if this is possible. Clean water involves seclusion of lakes and hoping the acid rain does not reach these pure water supplies. Another major source of contaminating clean water are embrocate spills and how destructively they blanket the shoreline they come in contact with. Although offshore drilling expeditions contribute some to the devastating outcome, oil tankers are the superior enemies toward the water. One calculate is that for every one million tons of petroleum shipped one ton is spilled. The largest super tanker spill was in 1979 when 3.3 million barrels was spilled off the coast of France. The largest in the United States was the Exxon Valdez in the gulf of Alaska. On the night of March 24, 1989 the 987 foot Exxon Valdez ran aground in the gulf of Alaska spilling 260,000 barrels of oil. With the help of the forceful winds, the cutting soon covered about 1,100 miles of shoreline, including many islands in the sound.

Roosevelt Sources Question

1. People supported Roosevelt in the 1932 election because he was promising to rebuild the the Statesn people. He told them that he was waging state of war against destruction which was of the economy and business. He also said he was waging war against delay, deceit and despair. All of those were from the last government, the Hoover government. He promised he would give the lower contour people a chance with modernistic jobs, crude intellects.After the last government of Hoovers people had grown to hate him and so whatever Roosevelts ideas, they were going to right to vote for him. The American people heard what Roosevelt was saying and because it sounded so much better than Hoovers they praised him. The way he put his speech across, he said, Give me your help, not to clear votes alone, solely to win in this crusade to vivify America. This made the American people study that he re eithery didnt comely want votes he made them think that he really was just trying to win the crusade for America.2. Source B and C present two different judgements on the New deal. B was written by an American historian writing in 1945, and C is from a book, The Roosevelt Myth by and American historian published in 1945. Source B, i think was written after Roosevelt dies. We can tell this by the way that the passage is written in the past tense that he was dead. The dissimilitude between each of them is very simple. Source B is telling me that there was a lot of self confidence in the New subscribe to because it says that during 1933 people will have remembered that the change form depression and discouragement to excitement and hope. It also talks more or less how the physical rebuilding of the country has been calamity during the 1920s and the 1930s.This problem was tackled by Roosevelt employing three million young men in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). They planted 17 million acres of new forests and built over 6 million dams to avoid erosion. The New Deal al so cut unemployment in another way. Roosevelt introduced unemployment assistance old-age pensions and he banned claw labour. In the political field the government was streng accordinglyed further i still gave the public people the ability to vote out the government and so by calling Roosevelt a dictator wasnt true.3. In this photograph i think that the photographer is trying to show the stereotype of a happy color family and and then below the reality of a black persons life. This photo was likely to have been staged by editing and cutting to provide the photographer with the sublime picture. The picture of the white family shows them as happy, wearing hats, with a dog and going about life in the American Way There was a analyze done about how many desk jobs black people got against how many white people got, the white got considerably more jobs than the blacks. The picture is extremely ironic because the difference between the blacks, lining up to receive their government rel ief and the white family driving being very happy in their car are at two totally different ends of the scale. This picture also proves that not everyone was happy with the new deal, people were still having problems. We can see this by looking at the grim looking faces on the black people.4. These three sources show very very different points of views. Source E shows Roosevelt pouring gold into the new deal, but at the bottom of the picture it shows how the money is just leaking out of the system. It shows that he had put in 16 billion dollars into it but still there was septet thousand million still to put into it. The caption shows Roosevelt saying that he hopes that its going to work, he believes it does.Source F is very much for Roosevelt. It shows Roosevelt throwing out all the rubbish that President had promised but had not honoured. In the rubbish is Car in every garage this was supposed to allow every household in America to own their own car. umteen other promises where made but most werent for filled.Source G shows Roosevelt with a bag full of remedies in case the new deal fell through, he is talking to congress and is explaining that if things dont go smoothly hell have to change them. The old man sitting in the corner on the left is Uncle Sam he is sitting there because he i supposed to representing America. The bottles on the table, are the alphabet agencies the are the agencies that Roosevelt that Roosevelt made to help unemployment, and to restore the country. One of the Alphabet agencies the (CCC) took unemployment from 17 million and it helped rebuild the banks to help and avoid erosion.5. I personally think that source H is the best. It is a letter from a supporter of Roosevelt. He is talking about how Roosevelt has helped him and his wife get back his possessions from the bank and get his loan extended. The man tells how he has never heard of a president quite like him and how amazing he is. The man goes on to say how him and his wife p ray for him every night it is said that he isnt the only(prenominal) one. There are many millions of others. This is the best example of public opinion i think. Source I is just a song about how Roosevelt has stop people from working and not getting the correct pay, and how glad they are that he is back. This source isnt as good as source H.6. I think these two people disagree about the new deal so much because source J is made by a business oration in 1980 he says that Roosevelt gave to people rather than teaching them how to gain. He says that people then got used to not having to work so hard and so they just expected to get from Roosevelt. He says that they had soup lines and the depression because people lost confidence in themselves. He says that Welfare kills a mans initiative. He makes the example of a dog and says that A dog you feed will not hunt. The point he is trying to make is that if you allow someone to get hungry and then that person has to work hard to eat then h ell learn from that, but, if you just give money and government relief to him on a plate then hell just take it and run.Source K says the total opposite written by the secretary of Labour in Roosevelts New Deal government in the 1930s. She says that ordinary people had been given the chance of a much better life. Roosevelt understood about how the depression had hit the heaviest on those people less able to bear the strain. Although the rich had been hit too hard too he knew they didnt have so many problems, they had something left at least. The sentence he used was, The idea was that all forces of the community should be directed to making life better for ordinary people. Roosevelt tried his hardest to do this.7. The first paragraph is a very psychological accepts of the New deal. It says that it helped many Americans and it helped the USA as a whole to life out of the depression. The New Deal may have helped but it wasnt the only thing. more of the Deal had helped like the alpha bet agencies, they helped because it gave people jobs and the chance to work and gain money. They certainly lifted peoples hopes. This interpretation of the New Deal is quite a expectant one. It makes the New Deal sound like it was faultless and that there were never any problems with it. This is not the case at all but it did help in its own way of getting the USA out of the depression.The flash paragraph is wrong in many aspects and is factual. Firstly although the government did become reasonably strong they didnt become powerful enough to not be able to not be voted out by the American people, the public. They never got too powerful. Secondly, the view about making people dependant may have been right in some cases but not in all cases by any means. Many people did tend to rely on the government relief offered, but the majority of the country worked their way back up again and earned their supporting by doing hard work.Lastly, the situation about losing a lot of money is rea sonably true as a statement but all of the money helped in its own way. Roosevelt did pour a lot of money into this New Deal but he wanted it to work so much. The money was leaking through the system but not all of it was a waste.I think that the first one is a much better interpretation of the evidence because, it the second one is not right what it says is wrong and doesnt speak the truth. Yes its true the New Deal drained a lot of money out of American but it helped so many people in so many different ways that it was almost a saviour.

Oedipus Research Paper Essay

Aristotle has long been accept for his contributions to many areas of society, from math and science to literature. It is claimed that Aristotle was racist, sexist and homophobic and that these views colored the way he apothegm the world (Engle, 2008). From some of these views, the tragic electric ray emerges. There are several key components to a Oedipushaving a tragic hero. The first is that the main character (protagonist) mustiness be of baronial race or a member of a royal family. In addition to being of noble lineage, the protagonistmust die hard from a fatal or tragic flaw. This flaw is not necessary a cleane flaw, but rather a flaw that occurs as a consequence of ones choices or actions. A tragic hero will evolve the feelings of pity or fear and cause the reader and earshot to identify with the main character. And, finally, the audience or reader must experience Catharsis. Catharsis is a feeling of loose that the main character had his come-uppance and was brought d own. It is not a feeling of depression or sadness over the fate of the nobleman. Kennedy (pages 856-858).To elaborate, the nobleman must be of high estate that gives him a place of dignity. The die from this dignity makes the stock-stillt seem more of a calamity in that it involves more than just the main character. A fall that affects an entire nation or people is often the result of a noblemans fall. The main character is certainly no superman he is fallible and has a flunk of character that leads to his end. Kennedy (pages 856-858) According to Aristotle, the ideal tragic hero is defined as There remains then the man who occupies the mean between saintliness and depravity.He is not extra-ordinary in virtue and righteousness and yet does not fall into bad fortune because of evil and wickedness but because of some hamartia of a winsome found in men of high reputation and good fortune such as Oedipus and Thyestes and famous men of similar families. Adade-Yeboah, et al (2012). T he next musical composition of a tragic heros role is that of recognition or discovery. This actuate includes the revelation of some prior unknown fact or component part to bring to light the true identity of the main character. The revelation may be due to the actions of the main character or due to those of a lowly character.They may already be known by the reader or the audience, thus making some of the choices the character makes almost painfully ignorant. Often times, erst the revelation has been made, it leads to a snow. A reversal is simply an action that has the opposite effect from the one intended. This reversal may be due in part to the tragic or fatal flaw of the protagonist. Kennedy (pages 856-858) Finally, there is the fear and pity that is aroused in the audience and / or reader. Even though most may feel like the main character deserved the end results, there is still a sense of pity or sorrow that they must fit and hurt so much.Now that we suck in looked at the common requirements for a tragic hero, we will look at major power Oedipus as the tragic hero. King Oedipus was worshiped by the people of Thebes. They saw him as wise and came to him to undertake help and counsel when their city was suffering. He has freed them from the tyranny of the Sphinx and they were forever grateful. He even recognized his own greatness by referring to himself as the one who was called great by all men and calling the people of the city children. Oedipus (Prologue, Line 8) Through birth and adoption both, Oedipus was a nobleman.He has been left out in the wilderness by his other due to a prophecy that his father would die by the sons hand. He was then adopted by King Polybus of Corinth. Thus, he fulfilled the first requirement of the tragic hero being of noble birth or royal bloodlines. The next aspect of a tragic hero is one with a fatal or tragic flaw. Oedipus wanted to seek the truth regarding the murder of King Laius, believing that the truth wou ld purge the city of the horrible curse that it was under. We see the king as one of high moral integrity, but subject to the normal frailties of the human being (Adade-Yeboah, et al (2012).He is portrayed as being somewhat short tempered and often imprudent due to his desire to do the right thing. This perhaps is his tragic flaw in his zeal to find the murdered, he makes rash statements about shunning the psyche guilty of the murder, regardless of his standing in society (Oedipus). This brings us to the next aspect of the tragic hero the revelation. Through seeking the advice of a prophet, it is revealed to King Oedipus that he is the murderer You are the murdered of the king whose murderer you seek.Oedipus Initially, the king does believe that this is the case, but as he examines the evidence, it becomes clear that he is the guilty one. This revelation leads to the reversal in the kings life. In one moment, he realizes that his wife is his mother, that his children are his bro thers and sisters and that all is lost for him. Then enter pity for the king. Not merely does Oedipus find out that he is adopted, he also discovered that he killed his father, and had married his mother. He was truly sorrowful for the shame and anguish that the people of his city would suffer I grieve for you, my children.Believe me, I know all that you desire of me, all that you suffer and while you suffer, none suffers more than I. Oedipus We feel even more pity for him when his wife and mother hangs herself and he puts his own eyes out He was called my king, but now whose tale is more miserable? Oedipus As Oedipus loses his throne, his thoughts are of those around him who he has hurt the people of Thebes and his children (who are also his brothers and sisters). He leaves them in the care of their uncle Creon. Before leaving them, he tells them how sorry he is For the unhappiness that must be yours And for the bitter life that you must lead. Oedipus In conclusion, Oedipus has all of the criteria for a tragic hero. He is a nobleman, through choices and actions experienced a fall from greatness and his throne and aroused the pity of the reader and audience. Aristotle speaks of a tragic heros Harmatia or his tragic flaw being not one of moral roots, but rather one that is displayed through the choices and actions of the character. It is quite apparent that had Oedipus not killed his father, then the other events of marrying his mother, fathering his brothers and sisters, losing his site and his throne would not have come about.Although there is tragedy throughout this drama, one must applaud the nobleness and courage that Oedipus demonstrated by accepting responsibility for his actions and accepting the same consequences as he had previously deemed needed to purge the land of the curse. As a result of the fall of the king, the audience and reader is left with a feeling of relieve (catharsis) that the king gets what he deserves for killing his father. Altho ugh there is pity for all the heartache he has to endure, there is a sense of poetic justice that just because the hero was of noble birth, he was not spared punishment.References Adade-Yeboah, A. , Ahenkora, K. , & Amankwah, A. S. (2012). The tragic hero of the classical period. English Language and Literature Studies, 2(3), 10-17. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/1045567248? accountid=12085 Engle, Eric (2008). Aristotle, Law and Justice The Tragic Hero, Page 1. Kennedy, X. J. , & Gioia, D. (2010). Critical casebook Sophocles. Literature- An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama & Writing (pp. 856-858). New York Pearson.

James Spencer Essay

Introduction The conditions for the poor were terrible at the time when Charles dickens wrote the novel a Christmas carol to express his concern about the conditions for these bulk. At first Charles was sacking to show his concern by writing a serious pamphlet explaining the conditions people were living in but after much thought he decided a book would be better because he was a historied author. Charles thinkd this would help by alerting people of the lives the people were living so they would donate to charity at Christmas a time of giving.paragraph 1 In stave one of the book we are introduced to Scrooge and Jacob Marley. In the first stave scrooge is described as and evil man and also you base tell this from the things he enjoins Every idiot who goes around with Merry Christmas on his lips should be boiled with his own pudding and buried with a stake of blessed through his heart. He replied to his nephew after he invited him to Christmas dinner this shows he dose not like Christmas and also he is very rude and is not timid of sharing his point of view with others.Scrooge is rude to all the people who try to be skilful to him in this first chapter from the men who asked for a grant for charity to his employee who asked for Christmas day off to whom he only just excepted say he needs to be in the earlier the next day. When scrooge goes foundation he sees the ghost of his ex-partner Jacob Marley who tells him he will have to mend his ways or he may end up with a similar fate. Paragraph 2 In stave two Scrooge is visited by the first of the three ghosts of Christmas the ghost of Christmas past.This chapter gives us a lot of important information on scrooge such as his time at school his work for Mr. Feziwig and his relationship that ended when he became obsessed with money I have seen you nobler aspirations regrets off one by one until the master-passion, gain, engrosses you. Scrooges fianci e told him when she didnt want to see him anymore because h e had changed at the begging of this chapter he is show as a hard working boy in school that didnt really have any friends but had a genuflect love for his sister.The chapter also tells us about the time he worked for Mr. Feziwig and how he used to have a effectual time and how he was bad employer because he didnt treat his staff to a good time. Paragraph 3 In stave three Scrooge meets the second of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas present who shows him what all over peoples Christmas are like this shows the appalling conditions the Cratchits lived in and how his nephew disrespects him and what he says about him his offences carry their own punishment, and I have nothing to say against his.Fred said after he called a toast to his uncle later on at the meal they all insult scrooge. In this chapter we learn of the great poverty of the Cratchits were they have to share furnish and of tiny Tims illness and how he will die if scrooge doesnt help him. Paragraph 4 In stave for scrooge meets the locomote of the ghosts the ghost of Christmas future. In this chapter of the book scrooge finds out he has died and he realizes that no one liked him and that his money was not any use to him when he was dead he frightened everyone away from him when he was alive to profit us when he was deadHa, ha ha The pawn broker says as we realizes all of scrooges possessions have been sold when they can no longer be any use to him as he is dead. In this chapter he realizes that being a bad person isnt any good to him and thats its better to be remembered as a good person than a bad one because thats all you have when you die. Scrooge has now changed and wants to be a better person and we see what he dose in the last chapter Paragraph 5.In the last chapter in the book scrooge seems to be happier person he dose this by trying to be nice to other people and by doing good deeds he also apologizes to bob and says a merrier Christmas, bob, my good fellow, than I have given for many a ye ar Ill raise your salary endeavor to assist your struggling family. Scrooge said to bob on Christmas day he also gives the Cratchits a turkey anonymously and goes to dinner with his nephew and family this shows that scrooge has changed a lot and also want to be a better person.Conclusion I believe that by the end of the story scrooge is a better person and the only reason he became a bad person was because of his own ignorance to what was going on around him. Charles Dickens is try to tell his rich audience of readers that money isnt every thing and you can have a good time without it but if you do have it you should be generous and try to help over people have a good time and by doing that you will have a good time your self.

Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability

ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS, ETHICS, AND SUSTAINABILITY Chapter 28 BIOSPHERE 2 Biosphere 2, was designed to be self sustaining life-supporting system for eight lot sealed in the facility in 1991. The experiment failed because of a breakdown in its nutrient cycling systems. ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES Environmental Worldviews include How you compute the world works. What you believe your environsal role in the world should be. What you believe is right and wrong environmental behavior. INSTRUMENTAL AND INTRINSIC VALUES Instrumental (utilitarian) A value something has because of its usefulness to us or to the biosphere i. e. preserving natural capital and biodiversity Intrinsic (inherent) The value something has just because it exists regardless of whether it has any instrumental value to us. CLASSIFYING WORLDVIEWS Worldviews are slackly divided into two groups Holistic (Ecocentric) is domain centered and focuses on sustaining the earths Natural systems (ecosystem s) Life- airs (biodiversity) Life-support systems (biosphere) For all species Atomistic is individual centered anthropocentric (human-centered) Biocentric (life-centered) ANTHROPOCENTRIC, BIOCENTRIC, AND ECOCENTRIC Anthropocentric (human-centered) No-problem school (all problems solved), free-market school (global economy), responsible school (mix of previous 2) Instrumental value play a larger role. Biocentric (life-centered) Human as one with the earth Aldo Leopold and John Muir Intrinsic value play a larger role Ecocentric (earth-centered) Humans destroy the earth Emerson, Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, Rachel Carson Environmental Worldviews and Values Intrinsic values play a larger role ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS Planetary curbment Anthropocentric We are the most important We are apart from the rest of nature Because of our technology we will never run out of resources Economic result is unlimited and we should use earths resources for our benefit Stew ardship Biocentric Be stewards to earth Manage earths life support system We most likely will not run out of resources but they should not be spiritless Environmental Wisdom Ecosystem-centered (Biocentric) We are dependent on nature Dont waste resources Success depends on how well we learn how nature sustains itself Ecofeminist Worldview important cause of environmental problems not just human-centeredness, but male-centeredness Advocate society fixing rift between humans and nature as well as ending oppression base on sex, race, class, and cultural/religious beliefs Social Ecology Worldview Creating better democratic communities raw forms of environmentally stable production New types of environmentally friendly technology CULTURAL GROUPINGS There are 3 different cultural grouping which determine a persons values and worldviews Moderns (about 45% of the adult U. S. population) actively seek materialism and the drive to acquire money and property, take cynical v iew of idealism and caring, accept some form of the planetary management worldview, and tend to be pro big businesses Traditionals (about 19% of the adult U. S. population) believe in family, church, and community, helping others, having caring relationships, and working to create a better society. They tend to be older, poorer, and less educated Cultural Creatives of New Progressives (about 36% of the adult U. S. population) have a strong commitment of family, community, the environment, education, equality, personal growth, sacred development, helping other people, living in harmony with the earth, and making a contribution to society.SHIFTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES AND WORLDVIEWS Global and national polls make known a shift towards the stewardship and environmental wisdom. LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY Four guiding principles for living more sustainably Respect earth and life and all its diversity safekeeping for life with understanding, love, and compassion Build societies t hat are free, just, participatory, sustainable, and peaceful Secure earths bounty and beauty for present and future generations HOW TO LIVE MORE precisely Some affluent people in developed countries are adopting a lifestyle of voluntary simplicity Voluntary simplicity is doing and enjoying more with less by learning to live more simply Based on Mahatma Gandhis principle of enoughness The earth provides enough to satisfy every persons lack but not every persons greedWhen we take more than we need, we are simply taking from each other, borrowing from the future, or destroying the environment and other species. When you choose voluntary simplicity it means Spending less time working for money Leading lives less driven to accumulate replete Spending more time living You basically must ask yourself How much is enough? Voluntary simplicity shouldnt be confused with constrained simplicity of the poor, who dont have enough to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, clean water, air, and good health. Law of Progressive Simplification True growth occurs as civilizations transfer an increasing proportion of energy and attention from the material side of life to the nonmaterial side and thereby develop their culture, capacity for compassion, sense of community, and strength of democracy. LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY In order to make the planet a better place we must realize that individuals matter. Most of the environmental move on we have made during the last few decades occurred because individuals banded together to insist that we can do better. We must implement earth education. We need hope, a electropositive vision of the future, and commitment to making the world a better place to live. pic

Opinions and Social Pressure Response Essay

Summary In the article, Opinions and Social Pressure by Solomon E. Asch, he states that social drive from a majority group could influence a person to conform. Asch and his research team wanted to find out how and how much social forces constrain batchs opinions and attitudes. The researchers also wanted to find out whether or not, when confronted with an in flush answer, individuals would conform to the group or seduce his own answer.The experiment starts with seven to ennead young men sit in a room. The young group of men have been told before the experiment to all agree on the correct answer and continue to say the correct answer, except virtuoso person. The last individual has no idea that the others were told to state the incorrect answers the entire eon. There argon two cards placed in front of the members that consist of four lines, all of different lengths. The card on the left is the line you are equivalence the other three lines to on the card on the right. The member s would answer which two lines are identical in order from who sit down down first to who sat down last. All of the young men continue to knock over the correct answer. On this set of trials only 1% of the time the subject would disagree with the majority. To contain if the minority would continue to conform, Asch conducted a second trial. During this trial, all of the participants, except one, stated the wrong answer. When the last person answered, the subject quickly changes his answer to the wrong answer.On this set of trials, 36.8% of the time the minority agreed with the incorrect answer. On the third trial, Asch decided to add more people to the minority. As the contestants gave their answers, those in the majority were allowed to give any answer they wanted. These results showed that 13.6% accepted the wrong answer compared to the second experiment. This suddendrop indicates with only one person in the minority, he was more promising to conform. When at that place were m ore in the minority, participants were more likely to answer how they would and not feel pressured. In the last experiment, the member in the minority was allowed to be seated next to someone he knew personally. During this set of trials, the member in the minority ended up answering almost invariably independent. Out of all of the trials, Asch reason out that people will conform for two reasons they want to fit in with the others and because they believe the group is better informed (on an intelligence level) than they are.Response While there have been many psychological tests similar to this, this experiment lacks certain criteria that I believe would change the outlook of this experiment. Since this experiment was done in the 1950s, which was a time in which it was the norm to conform, this could not address to young men now based on how time has changed along with norms. Secondly, since this was done in America, this could not in full take effect in other countries because no t all countries conform like we do, so the statistical evidence would vary immensely. Besides the negative, two studies have brought some more insight to this experiment that have shed light as to how time changes Aschs results.In a conformity experiment by Richard Crutchfield, his studies found participants with high intelligence scores and leadership abilities to show less conformity than others-which is something Asch did not address. Secondly, in 1980, psychologists Perrin & Spencer replicated Aschs study and found only one conforming response in 396 trials. They said cultural changes over the last fifty years had led to a reduction in conformity (McLeod). ground on all the evidence, I do believe that under certain circumstances we do conform, but not a majority of the time payable to how we are raised, norms, cultural changes, and other aspects that could change how we view things.

Climate Change Effect on Polar Bears

Climate modification do on Artic Polar Bears Kenneth Halvorsen COM/156 09/30/2012 Jocelyn Henson Climate Change Effects on Artic Polar Bears Climate warming and ecological changes have caused a significant holy terror to the declining creation of arctic turn outs in the Arctic which is alter hu gentlemans gentleman habitats Polar bears, the largest of the terrestrial carnivores, live on the Arctic meth for the majority of the year. The icy habitat allows frigid bears to hunt for their primary prey seals. The the right way speciess survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for feeding and breeding.Some of the highest degrees of global warming effects have been on the polar regions of the instauration. Scientists rough the globe are in agreement that such effects of nursery gases produced mainly through human induced emissions have resulted in an increase of the human races surface temperature. The continued denial concerning global warming could result in t he complete polar bear extinction. Unquestionably, the beautiful speciess future depends on the protection of the arctic environment its pollution levels, indigenous peoples hunt and total loss of ice.So, what should be done, if anything, to save the polar bear habitat? To begin analyzing the issue, lets first discuss some of the delicate specifics of polar bear habitat and environment requirements which are critical for survival. Polar bears, as the largest of the bear family, moldiness sustain enough food and accumulate enough embody fat to keep those alive during the ice free period. They need to consume at least(prenominal) five pounds of seal blubber per day to stay healthy. Also, as they are the largest land predator in the world, bears live on the ice in locations where it is executable to hunt for seals which are their primary prey.Yet, they will also hunt Artic fox. They have been known to eat birds, reindeer, rodents, fish, or even the carcass of a dead whale. steady s wimmers, the bears roam over the vast expanses of sea ice while paddling with their front legs and using their rear legs as a ruder hunting for ringed seals, bearded seal, and now and then beluga whales and even walrus. Polar bears have no natural predator and have no fear of man which makes things dangerous for both. There are a couple of(prenominal) animals that will attack a man unprovoked yet, the polar bear is one that will actually hunt down humans and eat them.The conundrum begins where studies show that climate warming is creating a much shorter duration of time for sea ice and, therefore, is extending a later freezing in fall as well as early ice break-ups during summer. These changing conditions have shown seal depletion and a decline in the polar bears population. The average annual extend of ice has exceeded 1 million square kilometers. With over 40 percent decrease within the past 30 years of the ice coverage the population of polar bears has been substantially jeopa rdize (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2008).This and other climate change factors have affected the speciess food supply chain. Polar bears population growth in general is extremely slow and fluctuates in response to natural factors, the major one of which is their prey ability. The bears need to maintain a high level of body fat, especially for the females in order to have healthy cubs. Nutritionally stressed, the mothers are being greatly affected by the rising sea levels in the naval regions with the most pronounced temperature increases. An increase in polar bear sightings have been reported near human settlements during the open water period in young years.For example, Inuit hunters have reported an increase in bear population because of an increase in sightings near their villages. This has led to more hunting tags issued. Such observations are jerry-built and the increased sightings should be related to the fact that the bears are seeking an alternative food source. Add itionally, offshore drilling for oil and shipping have threatened polar bears status. Years of data from satellite imagery as far back as 1970 shows a decrease in population and poor body conditions meet the populations of bears near Western Hudson Bay and Baffin Bay.These two populations are more likely decreasing and not increasing. As these populations decrease the continued problematic interaction with man will most likely continue and could really well increase, as the bears seek alternative food sources through the extended summer months (Stirling, Parkinson, Sep. , 2006). Scientists have very specific ways of tracking the earths temperature. The worlds temperature is constantly monitored from land-based weather stations and ocean buoys. They also use tree rings, red coral reefs, and ice cores. The evidence shows the earths temperature is increasing.Three main source possibilities could be responsible for the increase in global warming the sun, the earths reflectivity, and greenhouse gases. All three have been studied carefully, and the only one that matches up to the data is levels of greenhouse gases. The more fossil fuels we burn the higher levels of greenhouse gases (environmental demurral Fund, 2012). The polar bears survival completely depends on their ability to use ice for hunting, and some of the highest degree of global warming effects has been on the polar regions of the world.Fortunately, with scientific advancements researchers are now able to follow individual bears over a long period of time and collect valuable data on the speciess habitat concerns. The greater understanding of population trends and dynamics allows scientists worldwide to provide critically important data that will further assist in environmental management decision. Studies show a significant decrease in polar bear populations from 1984 through 2004 near the western coast of Hudson Bay and in the connection of Churchill, Manitoba, Canada (Regehr, 2010).The level of human presence and recent commercial activities in the Artic, such as oil spills and contaminants, shipping and hunting have exposed polar bear population to higher risks and, as a consequence, have increased this speciess habitat food stress. Now, as much as one-third of the worlds polar bears are facing extinction. Interestingly enough, multiple social groups believe that there is no reason for panic and some of the data used in polar bear population decrease is false. The controversial opinions are opposing to the entire fact of global warming and climate change with explanation of semipolitical tricks on consumers.Additionally, a large number of scientists and distinguished engineers disagree with the fact that an immediate and drastic action is needed to protect polar bear speciess survival and control of global warming impacts. Environmental campaigners suffered a major blow in 2009 when emails stolen from computers at the University of East Anglia were leaked and were haile d by critics as evidence of scientists attempting to control evidence that contradicted the idea of man-made climate change. An inquiry into the scandal failed to find any evidence of malpractice by the scientists and a review of the science also ound it to be sound, although the findings were met with claims of bias from skeptics. The science has become stronger and stronger over the past five years while the public perception has gone in completely the other advocate (Gray, 2012). A recent BBC poll found that 25% of British adults did not think global warming was happening (Gray, 16. 2012). Nevertheless, polar bears have been listed as threatened by the U. S. Federal Government, Department of Fish and Wildlife Service in May 2008). Accordingly, one of the highlights in mitigation measures and species habitat preservation was a formation of PBSG membership.In 1973 The supranational Organization called Polar Bear Specialist Group has negotiated and executed an Agreement of the Co nservation of Polar Bears. (IUCN Species Survival Group, 2012). The meetings are held in Greenland every 3 to 5 years with the emphases on advancing the principles of the Agreement. As a result of the recently conducted series of meetings in June 2001 a working group has been assigned and funded to expend the fellowship on the essential life functions of polar bears and other marine animals.Such evaluation of the speciess immune and hormonal systems would significantly improve the continued efforts of humanity in preserving the Artic environment. These and many other initiatives remain to be under development status. However, the progress is being noticed and is pleasantly acknowledged. Multi-discipline mitigation measures essential be addressed by the upcoming generation of human policy makers. Among multiple models of polar bear population and habitat features one can clearly notice an inevitable and non-reversible threat to important specie of the worlds largest bear.Therefore, understanding of the climate change and a greater precision in making management decision must remain being a worldwide concern. Neither the five countries of PBSG membership bound by a 1973 treaty discussed above no the American Environmental Protection groups themselves would succeed with this uneasy task of polar bear habitat preservation without a worldwide cooperation. References Ellis, R. (2009). On thin ice The changing world of the polar bear. Knopf. Environmental Defense Fund (2012). Climate Change Impacts. Retrieved from http//www. edf. org/climate/climate-change-impactsIUCN Species Survival Group (2012). IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. Retrieved from pbsg. npolar. no Gray, R. (2012, October). Climate Scientists argon Losing The Public Debate on Global Warming. The Telegraph. Retrieved from www. telegraph. co. uk Kuhn, M. (2010). Climate Change and The Polar Bear Is The Endangered Species Act Up To The Taks? Alaska Law Review, Vol 7. , Issue 1, p. 125-150, 26p. Nati onal geographical Society (2012). Polar Bear Ursus maritimus. Retrieved from http//animals. nationalgeographic. com/animals/mammals/polar-bear Peacock, E. , Derocher, A. E. , Thiemann, G. W. , Stirling, I. (2011).Conservation and Management of Canadas Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) In A Changing Artic. Canadian Journal of Zoology. Regehr, E. V. , S. C. Amstrup, and I. Stirling (2006). Polar bear population status in the southern Beaufort Sea. U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. USGS Open-File Report 2006-1337. 20 pp. Regehr, E. V. (2010). Climate Change threatens polar bear populations. Ecological Society of America. Stirling, I. , Parkinson, C. L. (2006). Possible Effects of Climate Warming on Selected Populations of Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Artic Vol 59, No. 3, p. 261-275.

The Thousand and One Nights: Abridged, Restructured

Jeff Stephens Dr. Swenson English 2111 11-22-11 The Thousand and One Nights Abridged, Re complex body partd, but Ever Lasting You may have read the story m nigh(prenominal) times you may have even watched the live-action movie or animated film, but only a few have been able to discern the unique traits inherent in The Thousand and One Nights. Willis G. Regier, a writer for World Literature To sidereal day, wrote that the Nights has been read, admired, studied, illustrated, adapted for the stage, and Disneyfied (321).The traits that I would like you to remember are how I used interruption to structure the story and how I implemented manage within the stories to help me win back exponent Shahrayars institutionalise and pacify his fear of psychosexual replacement. duration telling the world power stories of grandeur and impossibility, I snuck in little snippets of truth and morality. Richard Burton, once said, Without the nights, no Arabian nights, by which he meant that in divid ing the story into smash evenings it was given structure and without that structure The Arabian Nights would be no more than a collection of short stories (qtd. n Van Leeuwen 183). Burton could not have been any more correct. However, I would as well like to point out that without the nights themselves, my feature story would have ended long before the king changed his mind in the case of my death sentence. Structure in a story like The Arabian Nights is like the split upes of a tree that fags fruit not e precise branch will produce the fruit, but all the branches will have leaves to help collect the energy to make the fruit.In the same way that a tree bears its fruit, my mini-stories bear the fruit of change within King Shahrayars heart. Through my stories, I was able to help the king reclaim some of the hope, savvy, and even love that he had once lost because of his unfaithful married woman. I also showed him that women could yet be good and kind, faithful and true, and be intelligent without the wickedness which so many other(a) storytellers have been unwilling to show over the centuries.Van Leeuwen wrote an excellent article that mentions how odd it must seem in my breaking up the stories with the nights, but he also says that by breaking them up I multiplied the dimensions and meanings within the stories themselves and gave a kind of fluidity to the whole thing. I like Van Leeuwens commentary of my actions. He describes the most basic interruption as the break between the fantasy world of the stories that I tell and the world of the frame in story in which I, myself, take part. Incidentally, he did his homework on the subject.During that time it was quite usual for my people to use frame stories in order to create a more profound and comprehensive anthology. In exploitation these frame stories, rather than teaching a lesson directly to the listener, we can teach vicariously through the intellectual of the frame storys characters understandings . When I decided to try and save the rest of the kingdoms women from our vengeful king I knew that a direct appeal would never work, so I had to drop him coy little hints in the form of fairytales, bedtime stories, and religious parables and sayings.Although a king be a foolish man, it doesnt make him less of a king, it just means he is less of a man. So, using the art of interruptive story telling has been around for a very long time, even long before my own time, but Van Leeuwen has a practically better grasp on the many useful techniques that using frame stories and interruptive techniques can yield as well as how they help to structure a story by allowing intervals between different perspectives.Van Leeuwen also describes how the stories that I told King Shahrayar could be directly related to the frame story in which he experiences so many wrongs on behalf of women. My poor husband was practically dishonour by a cleaning lady being held captive by a demon, he was cheated on i n his own home by his wife and a common servant, and he watched as his brother suffered the same disgrace in multiplicity. Van Leeuwen says, As a mechanism for the generation of meanings, the juxtaposition of viewpoints enhances the cycles character as an initiation into new forms of knowledge (185).Throughout the stories there are always several characters that give an account from their own perspective closely what has happened in the past in order to help the readers and the protagonists understanding of the problem and how to remedy the situation properly. When I told the story about the fisherman and the demon, for instance, the demon was fixated on killing the fisherman because no one else had come to release him in hundreds of years. However, the way the fisherman saw it, the demon owed him a reward for being the one to release him after so much time.Allowing both parties to speak their thoughts about the situation in conversation made it much easier to discern a mediation p oint. In other words, knowing both sides of the story helped to rectify the situation amicably for both parties in the end. I was difficult the show the king that jumping to conclusions is never a good way to solve a problem. His ex-wifes betrayal leads him to pronounce vows with a new woman each day and then break those vows by killing them the next so that they would not have a chance to betray him first.I was able to late give meaningful and constructive criticism of King Shahrayars decisions over the course of many nights and because of that criticism he changed on the inside. He became whole again, with an understanding that he had found a woman (myself) that would never betray him. Throughout my Thousand and One Nights, love is a catalyst to reveal the true spirit of the person within a given character, because love defines us. Love of ones self versus love for others, love of money versus love of ones family, love for loves sake versus love for the sake of sex and wiles.Wi lls G. Regier pointed out that Love is every(prenominal)where, and I could not agree more. Within every expression of love there is a story to be told about those involved and the feeling of love in and of itself. I told King Shahrayar stories of this sort each night, some with violence and murder, some with mystery and suspense, and some with sexual escapades. OK, a lot with sexual escapades. I practically bored the man to sleep some nights I had to improvise to continue to keep his interest in my stories, but I always tried to find ways to wrap them up with love.My king seemed to have forgotten what love really was, so I needed to remind him of the feeling he so desperately sought even if, to originate with, it was sought unconsciously. Regier actually nailed it when he said that I gave King Shahrayar spiritual instruction a couple of times (311). I was attempting to do just that by reciting proverbs and Muhammads sayings. I was attempting (and apparently successfully so) to hel p him regain his moralistic views and understandings of the world. Love plays a large role in ones understanding of how people view each other and how and why the react in the ways that they do.He needed to understand that part of why he reacted to his ex-wife in such an over-the-top manner was because he loved her so much that it hurt him more deeply than anything had ever hurt him before. He needed to understand that love and the loss of love was what drove him to such drastic measures. John J. Brugaletta wrote an interesting essay about my stories regarding the different allegorical properties from which new knowledge could be gleaned when equivalence the situations in the stories to situations in real life (7).He was right, I was providing stories that the king could relate to at the time. There seemed to be some ominous trend in the women of my day to be more sexually attracted to black men. Honestly, it was probably more to do with the fact that black slaves tended to be in better physical condition than the washrag nobility, sitting in their lush palaces, eating meat and drinking wine all day, and going on hunts for pleasure rather than out of necessity. Some of King Shahrayars emotional issues undoubtedly stemmed from his seeming fear of psychosexual replacement by the black slaves.Brugaletta says that the societies in which this book took form were preoccupied with a sense of inadequacy in sexual competition with blacks (6). One way or another, every story could be directly proportionalized with King Shahrayars own life-experiences. I engineered the stories to reflect King Shahrayars mishaps in a kind-of worse-case scenario type of schema to help him reconcile with his unhappiness and help him to understand that while his wife was at fault in cheating on him, so was he in his exacting vengeance upon all the women of his kingdom because of one womans infidelity.While my king and husband listened to my stories, I was able to postpone my own demise an d prevent others from falling to the same fate as my predecessors. As long as I kept the man intrigued, the king stayed his bloody hands. I showed him through my stories that he was missing out on living life and he soundless that although he had become an angry, bitter tyrant, he could change his ways and become a loving husband and king again. Through my stories, he was able to trust women and believe in their goodness again. Works Cited Brugaletta, John J. The Arabian Nights Entertainments. Masterplots, Fourth Edition (2010) 1-6. Literary Reference Center. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Lawall, Sarah N. , and Maynard Mack. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Second ed. Vol. B. New York Norton, 2002. Print. Leeuwen, Richard Van. The dodge Of Interruption The Thousand And One Nights And Jan Potocki. Middle Eastern Literatures 7. 2 (2004) 183-198. pedantic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011. Regier, Wills G. Shahrazads New Clothes. World Literature Today 84. 2 (2010) 30-34. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2011.

Globalization and Immigration

Introduction Nowadays migration is getting to be genius of the dominant characteristics of the modern world since at the present moment that movement of people and migration of citizens from atomic number 53 bucolic to another align a norm. Not surprisingly that such(prenominal) unpar entirelyel and intensely exalted take of migration results in actual demographic, ethnical and socio-cultural changes in some countries of the world. In this respect, it is neat of mention that such a situation with the migration is the result of the recent trend in the world economy which is characterized by unconscious transitiones which argon gener wholey c e very last(predicate)ed sphericalisation.The process of globalization is overwhelming and involves practically all countries of the world with r atomic number 18 exceptions which be traditionally rogue-states like Northern Korea, or other countries that stand on positions of isolation from the rest of the world. Consequently, a corking majority of countries are involved in this process and black market to develop external transaction on all trains, including cultural, political and especially economic, since globalization is primarily economic phenomenon that resulted in globalization of international relations on all other levels.In such a situation, it is preferably natural that the process of migration is likewise affected dramatically by globalization. On the other hand, it is necessary to underline that, being a comparatively new phenomenon, globalization is an extremely controversial process. Since its beginning, which is traditionally dated back to 1980s, in that location have been arguments concerning the mental picture the globalization may have on different countries. Such continues now and they have probably become even more serious and more controversial.However, there is a viewpoint, according to which globalization is rather commanding phenomenon. On the other hand, there is a contr ary belief that it is an extremely negative process. Naturally, such a controversial interpretation of globalization makes migration also quite contradictive. In fact, it is really important to find turn out what is the real effect of migration on all countries involved in the process which of them benefit from it and which lose, if any, or else what is the futurity of migration in the context of globalization.Globalization as the defining factor of migration In order to understand all accredited trends in the process of migration, it is necessary to briefly discuss the role of globalization in this process and its general effect. In actuality, globalization is considered to get started in 1980s. It was the result of a rapid attainment of recognition and technologies accompanied with a rapid cultivation of some countries that have never been among the world economic tiping before.Later, in 1990 this process became more unambiguous and globalization has become really global. The cultivation of informational technologies, Internet and telecommunications do a particularly signifi tail assemblyt contribution to this process. As a result nowadays there are many international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, as well as there are a lot of regional organizations, all of them aiming at pedaling the process of globalization and faster development of international economic cooperation surrounded by countries.In such a situation geographical boundaries between countries tend to disappear and, consequently, it is supposed that there will be fewer obstacles on the mood of migrants. In this respect, it is worthy of mention that traditionally commonwealth movements have taken place side by side with the development of contacts and flows between different societies and cultures (Khor 2001274). This is why the essence of globalization seems to contribute to elimination of barriers between countries and increase of the level of contacts and flow s between different countries worldwide.Speaking about the essence of globalization in details, it should be said that globalization is characterized by economic specialization of different countries. It means that in the global market each plain tends to occupy its own niche and sell the products or services it is the nearly competitive in. Naturally, it resulted in an extreme specialization of countries that makes their economies one-sided, and consequently more exposed to economic and social crisis. However, globalization actual international contacts and make it possible to cooperate on the global scale.As a result, nowadays, basically delinquent to the high level of development of IT and Internet, specialists physically living in different countries of the world may work on one and the same product. So, it may be said that globalization eliminated geographical boundaries between countries (Gomory 2002187). As for its effects, they are quite contradictive. The contrast is p articularly obvious between well-highly- substantial countries and evolution ones. In short, its effect may be uttered in one phrase, well-fixeder countries become richer, and low-down countries become pitifuler.Though it sounds a bit radical and more precisely, it should be said that globalization makes developing countries more dependant on well-developed and it also makes practically all the countries of the world more submitted to global crisis since their economies are adjacently interlinked than a crisis in one country would lead to the same effect on economies of other countries that are its economic partners. In this respect, migration seems to be probably the just about effective by such a striking contrast that leads to high level of emigration from developing countries and respectively high level of immigration in developed countries.This means that people from developing and poor countries prefer to move to developed and rich countries. Moreover, this process keep s growing despite the fact that globalization produced a incontrovertible influence on international trade flows that have increased significantly since the beginning of the process of globalization. Presumably, it should really improve the situation in developing countries and precipitate the level of emigration.Nonetheless, in actuality the trend, which will be discussed in details a bit later, body practically unchangeable even though many developed countries attempt to create certain artificial barriers to both legal and illegal immigration. In such a way it is necessary to remember that globalization is a dubious process that has both positive and negative sides and migration is highly dependent on this process to the extent that the basic migration flows are defined by the current situation in the global economy and possibilities of people movement between different countries.The current situation and problems of migration In fact, the current situation, when the world eco nomy becomes more and more unified and practically all countries of the world are involved in the international trade and economic relations, it seems as if there remains little room for obstacles on the way of exonerate population movement.Nonetheless, it is necessary to remember about a stark contrast between developed and developing countries which seem to get aggravated by the progress of globalization and the gap between rich and poor states keeps growing. Naturally, this gap, to a significant extent defines the current flows of population movement, i. e. migration. Basically, the current trends reveal the fact that people living in developing countries prefer to emigrate to well-developed and rich states where they suppose to have more opportunities to improve their life.Not surprisingly that some specialists underline that the basic determinants of the international migration lie in the inequalities that exist in levels of development, and the enormous magnitude, persistence and flagrancy of those inequalities in the globalized world of today provoke the so-called pressures for migration (Theissen 20068). Consequently, it would be logical to wonder what these pressures exactly are. In order to answer this question, it is necessary to unsloped briefly return to the basic socio-economic differences between developing and developed countries.On doing this, it will be obvious that it is the desperate socio-economic position of people in developing countries that force them to live their motherland and move to developed countries. In such a situation the negative effect of globalization on migration in global terms is quite evident since economic policies pursued in the name of globalization, such as deregulation, free trade, and emphasis on exports may make better some lives, but the poorest end up even more poor (Weisman 200675).Consequently, the socio-economic situation in developing countries is getting to deteriorate and simply forces people to emig rate in search of better life and specialists emphasize that most people migrate because they are poor because they cant feed their families, because they lost their jobs, because there is no hope of better life in their country (Weiler 2002104). One of the evidences of this negative impact of globalization on migration is the high rates of immigrants working in developed countries.In this respect it is worthy to look at Figure 1 which reveals that immigrants constitute a substantial part of the national labor force market in the US and basically they arrive from poor and developing countries of Latin America. Furthermore, the similar trends may be observed in other developing countries. However, leanness is not the still reason for population movement from developing countries to developed one.For instance, the UAE, being a developing country, is characterized by a relatively stable socio-economic life and often the reasons local people take a decision to live the country may va ry, among which education is probably one of the most important since basically this state currently exploits its natural resources and in a long-term perspective the prosperity of the state would decrease along with decrease of natural resources potential.As a result, people do not simply find any real perspectives and they leave the country in search of new opportunities to find their own way in life. Moreover, links with foreign companies also contributes to the process of emigration which firstly provides opportunities to get education, secondly, get present with a different lifestyle, and, finally, find alternative way of life than the one that is traditionally followed in the UAE.In this respect, globalization contributes to higher opportunities for local people to communicate with different cultures and move relatively freely in any country in the world. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the US is not the only country which is a kind of Promised Land from migra nts from developing countries. For instance, Figure 2 show that the number of immigrants from Latin America and Caribbean in European countries is also quite significant, especially if one takes into consideration the distance between this region and other developed countries.Naturally, it is important to analyze the effects of such a trend in migration in the modern globalized world. In fact, the current policy of many developed countries, such as the US, or some countries of the EU such as France, indicate at the fact that new immigrants is a very serious problem for these states and this is why they attempt to thoroughly control the process of immigration and limit the price of admission of new immigrants to their territories.In fact, this policy is a natural reaction on the effects of migration in globalized world. first-class honours degree of all, new immigrants provoke high level of competition in the national labor force markets in developed countries, to the extent, that the level of unemployment, especially among native population, may increase dramatically. The reason is quite simple immigrants are traditionally characterized as cheaper labor force, which though, as a rule, is not well qualified, or even semi-qualified or non-qualified at all.At the same time, immigrants, on receiving official status, demand the national government meets their needs and it is not a secret that national government has to fund immigrants whose socio-economic status is extremely low and naturally it is do with the money of tax-payers which are mainly native natural. On the other hand, the migration from developing countries into developed is crucial for the reason as well because it undermines the local labor force markets since the best specialists prefer to flow in a developed country than stay in a developing one and this process is known as brain drain (Khor 2001).In such a way, it is possible to say that the effects of the current migration dramatically influ enced by the process of globalization is quite negative, though developed states are in a better position since they can improve the demographic situation while in developing ones it is deteriorated. Conclusion perspectives of migration in the context of globalization Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that the current trends in migration are rather negative than positive. In long term-perspective, the situation may get even worsened if the current trends remain unchanged.To put it more precisely, it is obvious that the high level of immigrants in developed countries would be only partially beneficial for developed countries which can increase the number of working people due to immigrants and, consequently their economies will have opportunities for the further growth. On the other hand, this creates tension between native born labor force and immigrants whose labor is cheaper and, consequently, more attractive for employers. At the same time, immigrants also need wellness care protection, education, social guarantees, etc. thus, they need additional funding because of their poor socio-economic position and it is an additional lode for a state of any developed country. At the same time, developing countries also lose most qualified specialists and what is more younger generations are emigrating while the remaining population will risk to stepwise grow honest-to-goodness in national terms, i. e. gradually population of developing countries will grow older as it is now in developed states but there will be little immigrants who could close the demographic gap caused by high level of emigration.Consequently, it is possible to presuppose that in the future developed countries would make their immigration legislation stricter and limit the access of immigrants while developing countries would stimulate local population to refuse from the idea of emigration. ibliography 1. Danaher, C. Seven Arguments for Reforming World Eco nomy. London Routeledge, 1999. 2. Gomory, R. E. Globalization Causes and Effects. New York Touchstone, 2002. 3. http//www. wto. org/english/res_e/statis_e/its2002_e/its02_toc_e. htm 4. http//www. worldbank. org/data/countrydata/countrydata. hypertext mark-up language 5. Khor, M.Global Economy and the Third World. New York New Publishers, 2001. 6. Schmidley, A. and Gibson, C. Profile of the Foreign-Born Population in the linked States 1997, Current Population Trend, series p. 123-195, 1999. 7. Theissen, C. Globaleyes Globalization and Migration. Retrieved Dec. 17, 2006 from http//www. mcc. org/economicglobalization/viewpoints/perspectives/globaleyes/migration. html 8. Van der Borght, K. Essays on the Future of the WTO Finding a New Balance. London Routledge, 2000. 9. Weiler, J. The EU, the WTO, and NAFTA Towards a Common Law of International Trade. New York Guilford, 2002.

Cecil Rice Export

CECIL RICE EXPORT REPORT This report will focus on Cecil Rice Export and its aim is to develop more organized system which enhanced the productivity of for distributively one hour and for each three days. We discussed and calculated below the three questions. 1. In the Cecil Rice Export, to determine whether the cover is in have got or out of run we should use x-Charts and R-Charts. X-Charts are usually used when we feel ensample deviation of the sample. We calculate the top(prenominal) and lower tick set ups based on that data.For this data, we assumed the standard deviation as 3 and we run aground the stop number and lower limits for each days mistakes. match to Monday Shift 1, the lower limit is 69. 23 hence the verse that are below 69. 23, are decent out of control. And the upper limit is 71. 91, so the numbers which are to a higher place 71. 91, become out of control due to assignable causes and not natural causes. In addition, Tuesday Shift 1, the lower limit i s 68. 54, thus the numbers which are below 68. 54, are out of control. The upper limit is 71. 22 and the numbers that are above 71. 2, become out of control. Finally, those processes which we calculated as upper and lower limits should be under control. In R-Charts, the strategic part is the upper and lower control limits and the specific mean. We calculated the upper and lower control limits for each day of campaigns according to n is equal to four. For instance, for Monday Shift 2, the upper control limit is 4879 pounds and the lower control limit is 4865 pounds. 2. We developed control charts for each shift three days. For Monday shifts from 0000 to 0800 the upper control limit is 71. 1 and the lower control limit is 69. 23. From 0800 to 1600, the upper control limit is 71. 30 and the lower control limit is 68. 25. And from 1600 to 0000 the upper limit is 71. 45 and the lower limit is 68. 77. According to our calculations, the best shift on Monday is from 0800 to 1600. In addit ion, for Tuesday shifts from 0000 to 0800 the upper control limit is 71. 22 and the lower control limit is 68. 54. From 0800 to 1600, the upper control limit is 71. 24 and the lower control limit is 68. 55.From 1600 to 0000, the upper control limit is 71. 05 and 68. 37. The best shift in terms of productivity is from 1600 to 0000. Finally, for Wednesday the best shift is from 1600 to 0000. Because the customers expect the bags that are closest to the specific mean 70. For R- Charts, we assumed mean as 70 and found the upper and lower control limits for each days. For Monday shift, from 0800 to 1600, it seems more profitable when we considered with the other shifts on Monday. The upper and lower control limits are 4879 and 4865 pounds.Furthermore, for Tuesday, as same as Monday shift, from 0800 to 1600 is more sufficient than other shifts for customers. We calculated the upper and lower control limits as 4942 and 4900 pounds. For the last shift, the best and more fat hours are from 1600 to 0000 and the upper and lower limits are found as 4977 and 4900 pounds. 3. Each shift in each day, the productivity hours change according to the personals and seniors. In order to increase output levels and shorten the baksheesh times for customer, we mixed all shifts in each three days.By using the pooled chart where we calculated the upper and lower control limits for each days and each charts. Then, we took the bonny of UCLs and LCLs for each day for x-Charts. For instance, on Monday the average UCL is 71. 55 and LCL is 68. 87. Finally, we calculated the average of D3s and D4s for each shifts on each days. And we multiplied the D3s and D4s with the specific mean 70. Lastly, we found UCLs and LCLs for R- Charts for each day. For example, on Tuesday, UCL and LCL were calculated as 4975 and 4907 pounds. These numbers are our control limits.

Precautionary Principle

Precautionary Principle The pr planetative linguistic rule was arguably developed and originally take to in Germany and Sweden, and it is these nations that remain the leading prop atomic number 53nts of it. For example, it was one of these nations (Germany) that put the preventive dogma on the planetary stage, and at present with regard to purlieual regulation (in point chemicals) it is Sweden that is pushing forward preventative legislation in the European Union. There is a conflict mingled with those who support the principle and those who oppose it.For example, American policy-makers substantiate buy the farm increasingly concerned with the use of the concept by the EU, seeing it as a threat to scientific risk analysis as the main tool for regulation used hitherto. Academics in the United States delegate out that the US had precautionary elements in their regulations during the 1970s moreover these elements turned out to be overly costly and faulty, and so we re abandoned following a Supreme Court judgment in 1980 (in an ill-famed sheath concerning benzene) which insisted that regulation must depend on scientific proof of risk.There is no one definition of the precautionary principle. One Swedish author, Per Sandin, lists 19 formulations, often individually vague and mutually contradictory. 1 The roughly commonly used definition is contained in the 1992 Rio Declaration, which stated that in order to protect the surround, the precautionary begin shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall non be used as a precedent for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.One of the more rigorous analyze of the meanings of the precautionary principle piss been put forward in work by Wiener and Rogers. They argue that there are deuce-ace different formulations of the precautionary principle. Th ese are2 Uncertainty does non justify inaction. In its most basic form, the precautionary principle is a principle that permits regulation in the absence of complete narrate about the particular risk scenario. Lack of full scientific certainty shall non be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent environmental degradation-Bergen Declaration. Uncertainty justifies action. This version of the precautionary onrush is more aggressive. Uncertainty requires chemise the burden and standard of proof. This version of the precautionary principle is the most aggressive. It holds that uncertain risk requires forbidding the potentially risky activity until the proponent of the activity demonstrates that it poses no (or acceptable) risk.In this part of the report, the precautionary principle is analyze in the context of the man art Organization and with respect to i) GATT and exceptions in condition XX, ii) the Subsidiary treaty on hale and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), an d iii) the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The precautionary principle is the focus of animated debates in the fields of food safety and GMOs, specially in the institution Trade Organization. 3 Tensions over these issues grew in 1998 after an EC moratorium based on the precautionary principle was applied to GM outputs from the United States, Canada and Argentina. 4 In 2003, the affected exporting countries requested the establishment of a Dispute Settlement Body by the WTO. 5 World Trade Organization (WTO) The World Trade Organization (WTO) emerged on April 15,1994, predicated on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. 6 The reforms of this organization introduced resolutions regarding the environment.In its preamble, it mentions the objective of sustainable development and seeking both to protect and stay on the environment. 7 In 1995, the Committee on Trade and the Environment was created to promote sustainable development and to discern a relationship between shell out and the environment. 8 This Committee was created at the behest of the WTO at the end of the Uruguay Round. 9 WTO legislation since so has ad- dressed trade issues that substantially relate to the environment. 10 In spite of the greening efforts to integrate the environment and trade, the WTO continues to lease its objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangement directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other(a) barriers to trade and to the elimination of discriminatory treatment in international relations. 11 WTO obligations that can potentially apply to GMO restrictive measures contained in Art. XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947,12 The Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS). 13 A concise application of GATT rules to the GMO controversy will probably non support smashed regulation of transgenic harvest-feasts such as the one by the European Commun ity and consequently, the WTO will not allow the application of the precautionary principle. Among the measures contained in the GATT agreement that may represent a problem for the application of precautionary measures is the definition of a like product14 and the ostensible product regulation the WTO has employed for products. 15 If the WTO decides to take this approach under GATT to GMOs, it will be largely impossible to sustain bans on these products. The precautionary principle as well may not survive scrutiny from the WTO since it would need to show sufficient scientific curtilage that health effects derive from the consumption of GM products. Subsidiary Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) The SPS agreement was created in 1993, which by WTO parties to help reduce the incidence of non-tariff trade barriers imposed to protect, ostensibly, human, animal or coif life. 16 The WTO describes the focus of the SPS agreement To maintain the sovereign right it deems fascinate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for rampartist purposes and do not result in unnecessary barriers to international trade. 17 The SPS agreement does not provide states with acceptable sanitary standards instead, it guides governments in establishing SPS rules. These guidelines are aimed at helping WTO members to (1) harmonize standards and (2) to assess the appropriate take of SPS protection based on an assessment of risks. Regarding (1) harmonization, under Art. , it recommends that states base their sanitary measures on international standards, guidelines or recommendations, whenever they exist. (2) With respect to the aim of SPS protection, Art. 5 encourages states to base their sanitary standards of risks on scientific evidence. The precautionary principle or at least parts of this principle can be found in variant parts of the SPS agreement. 18 Precaution is specifically incorporated in (1) the levels of protection, mentions that states can determine the appropriate level of protection of human, animal or plant life or health. 19 (2) In Art. 3. 3, which is precautionary in nature, the level of protection that can be implemented by states is addressed in the following manner members may introduce or maintain sanitary or Phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of protection than would be achieved on measures based on the international standards20 and (3) Art. 5. 7, states that states can adopt higher standards provisionally in cases where relevant scientific evidence is insufficient. 21 The first case to put to the test precautionary measures under the SPS was the Beef Hormones Dispute,22 which was based on an embargo imposed by the European Community against US beef treated with artificial growth-enhancing hormones. This case seems to indicate how the WTO applies the precautionary principle. In this case, the European Community did not look at international standards for selecting the SPS l protection level, namely, in the Codex. According to Art. 3. 3 of this agreement, the EC had a right to increase the level of protection only when the higher protection was based on a risk assessment.According to article 5. 7, the EC could have chosen higher standards temporarily until it acquired scientific evidence to support the SPS measures. Accordingly, when countries regulate GMOs, and impose standards more stringent than those found on the international level, they will be required to demonstrate a rational relationship between the regulations and the respective risk assessment. With respect to the precautionary principle, both the WTO panel and the appellate body refused to consider its evolution into a principle of international law. 23 However, they accept that it was the focus of debate among academics, law practitioners, regulators and judges. 24 The appellate body, though, found that the precautionary principle was reflected in the SPS agreement, but did not override the specific obligations in that agreement. 25 Based on the hormones case, the SPS agreements version of the precautionary principle relies on a scientifically based risk assessment. This standard is not likely to bear with protection in cases where scientific evidence has not yet been developed.Nevertheless, countries can impose restrictions based on provisional measures to protect, at least temporarily, human health. The temporary moratorium is still more attractive than any election yet devised. Core elements of the precautionary principle have been included in trade agreements, particularly, a) in the SPS agreement, b) in chapter XX of the GATT. Although exceptions in these agreements allude to precaution, the discussion of this principle has been directly addressed under the SPS agreement particularly, in the Hormone Case.The Appellate Body, in this case, said that the provisions of the SPS Agreement embraced the precautionary principle. 26 This principle, however, has been interpreted a s cosmos subordinated to clear and convincing scientific evidence to deal with uncertainties caused by lack of scientific evidence. The WTO, when deciding the case between the US and the EC over the moratorium on transgenic products,27 is obliged by its own decisions to consider its rules not in isolation but in accordance with international law. 28 The precautionary measures by the EC have to be interpreted in accordance with multilateral environmental agreements. 29 The precautionary principle rests in the custody of the WTO the way these institutions will interpret this principle will shape the future of protection in the international arena. If the WTO declares illegal the EC moratorium on transgenic products, countries will be reluctant to apply the precautionary principle even when the application of this principle is required by a multilateral environmental agreement such as the Cartagena communications protocol.An attack on the precautionary principle by the WTO can result in international conflicts between the trade and environmental regimes. Regional View of Precautionary Principle At the regional level, the precautionary principle has been embraced in different ways. In the European Community (EC), this principle plays a fundamental role in biodiversity and health protection, particularly in the field of GMOs. In North America, this principle does not play as fundamental a role in the North American Free Trade Agreement, but has been tangentially alluded to when GMO issues have been raised.The precautionary principle is particularly essential in the management of risk, which is considered in the EC inside a structured approach to the analysis of risk encompassing, such as risk assessment, risk management and risk communication. To apply the precautionary principle, decision makers need to start with a scientific evaluation as comprehensive as possible for the purpose of identifying the degree of uncertainty. 30 Unlike in the European Community, t he precautionary principle does not play a central role in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). 31 The principle is, nevertheless somehow embraced in this agreement through national legislation. It can be said, however, that the mere creation of the Commission of Environmental Cooperation (CEC) is a precautionary measure to prevent parties from indiscriminately exploiting the environment in the name of trade. While the CEC furthers environmental protection by promoting citizen complaints, its effectiveness is yet to be seen, particularly in the promotion and endorsement of environmental principles such as the precautionary principle.Conclusion In the areas of trade and environmental law, the GMO debate has escalated to the WTO. This organization, when considering the European moratoriums, will definitely shape the application of this principle. If the WTO finds European regulation to be inconsistent with trade agreements, countries will be less willing to apply this prin ciple. At the regional level, date this principle has not been embraced in NAFTA, core elements are contained in national legislation.Although the precautionary principle has been considered in NAFTA by the CEC, this environmental organization is not fully independent and lacks authority to truly promote environmental values such as the precautionary principle. It has also argued that the precautionary principle is not contrary to lore but to provide answers with regard to new technologies and in this case, GMOs. With regard to the foundations of this principle, it was argued that it was based on common common sense (natural law), and that some of these elements are embodied in the statute of the international court of justice.The precautionary principle departs from anthropocentric attitudes and encompasses a holistic approach. It is not a definite solution and it will not change the humanity overnight,32 but it can make a difference in the protection of human health and the en vironment by providing guidance to policy makers when considering threats posed by GMOs. Bibliography R. Burnett & V. Bath, Law of International Business in Australasia, The compact Press, 2009. J. Mo, International Commercial Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th edition, 2008. 1 P Sandin, Dimensions of the precautionary principle Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, Vol. 5(1999), n. 5, pp. 889-907. 2 JB Wiener and MD Rogers, Comparing precaution in the United States and Europe, forthcoming in Journal of Risk Research, pp. 4-5. 3 Shaw, Sabrina y Schwartz, Risa, The Cartagena Protocol and the WTO Reflections on the Precautionary Principle, 10 Swiss Review of International and European Law at 537. 4 Bridgers, higher up seam 2, at 181 y 182. 5 Isaac, Grant E. y Kerr, William A. , Genetically Modified Organisms at the World Trade Organization A Harvest of Trouble (2003) 37 J.World Trade at 1083. 6 Macmil l an, Fiona, WTO and the Environment, London, Sweet & Maxwel l , 2001, at 7. 7 Se e preamble of Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, legal Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). 8 Macmillan, supra note 92 at 12. 9 Ibidem, at 12 y 13. 10 Ibidem, at 12-16. Among the cases the WTO has addressed are the Tuna-Dolphin cases, The Automobiles case, The Reformulated Gasoline and the Sea Turtle Case. 11 WTO preamble, supra note 93. 12 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat.A-11 TIAS 1700 UNTS 194, as modified by Marrakech Agreement of the World Trade Organization, Annex 1A, statutory Instruments of the Uruguay Round vol. 1, 33 ILM 1154 (1994). 13 Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (15 April 1994), & WTO Agreement, Annex 1A, 69. http//www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps. pdf. 14 Art. 2. 6 of the Agreement of Implementation of Art. VI of the GATT 1994 on Antidumping and Countervailing Measures reads as follows Throughout this Agreement the term like product (product similarity) shall be interpreted to mean a product which is identical, i. . too in all respects to the product under consideration, or in the absence of such a product, another product which, although not alike in all respects, has characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration. 15 Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the GATT, 1994. http//www. wto. org/english/docs_e/legal_e/19-adp. pdf. 16 Grosko, Brett, Genetic Engineering and Internacional Law Conflict or Harmony? An analysis of the Biosafety Protocol, GATT, and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (2001) 20 Va.Envtl. L. J. 295 at 308. 17 WTO, Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures. http//www. wto. org/wto/goods/spsund. htm. 18 Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. 19 SPS agreement, supra note 99, see preamble (1) 6. 20 Ibidem, Article 3. 3. 21 Ibidem, Article 5. 7. 22 EC Measures Concerning center & Meat Products, Panel Reports Case WI/D S26/R/USA, August 18, 1997 & WT/DS48/R/CAN, August 18, 1997 Appellate Body Report WT/DS26/AB/R&WT/DS48/AB/R, January 16, 1998 in supra note 115. 23 Macmillan, supra note 92 at 153 y 154. 24 Ibidem, at 153 y 154. 25 World Trade Organization, summary on the Precautionary Principle, http//www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/sps_agreement_cbt_e/c8s2pl_e. htm. 26 Shaw, supra note 88 at 540. 27 Dispute Settlement Body, Panel WTO European Communities Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, WT/DS291/27, WT/DS292/21 and WT293/21, http//www. wto. org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_subjects_index_e. htmgmos. 28 Appellate Body Report AB-1996-1,WT/DS2/AB/R at supra note 130. 29 Shaw, supra note 88. 30 Commission of the European Communities, Communication of the application of the Precautionary Principle, (2000). http//europa. eu. int/eur-lex/en/com/cnc/2000/com2000_0001en01. pdf. 31 Raustiala, Kal, Precaution in the Federal Legislation of the NAFTA parties, North Amer ica Environmental Law Policy Commission of Environmental Cooperation. http//www. cec. org/files/pdf/lawpolicy/naelp10_en. pdf. 32 Vanderzwaag, supra note 22 at 374 y 375.