Benefits and limitations of airport security scanners Essay

                  The security and welfare of people is very important in a society. In order to ensure that people are secure and safe, some measures may be employed although they may be controversial. The example of airport security scans represents such a circumstance. The full body scanners are used detect objects that are on the body of an individual for security reasons without requiring the individual to remove their clothes or have physical contact with the device. Statistics indicate that as of December 2013 an estimated 740 scanners (full body scanners) these devices were in use at more than 150 airports in the United States (TSA). They are effective in identifying suspicious objects that a person may be carrying. However, there are concerns whether use of the full body actual really is a necessary precaution or a practice that invades the privacy of travelers.                  The devices are effective in detecting suspicious objects that may be concealed including both metallic and non-metallic objects. As opposed to metal detectors which identify objects that are made of metallic materials, the scanners used in airports detect both metal and non-metallic objects. They uncover objects that a physical pat-down would reveal but fail to be identified by a metal detector such as chemical explosives and plastic explosives. The device therefore performs the function of both a metal detector and a physical pat-down in revealing various dangerous devices at airports. People who have sinister motives or who desire to break the law by moving illegal items through airports would therefore not be able to succeed in perpetuating their plans because of the presence of the scanners. The primary objective of the scanners is hence achieved and safety of passengers as well as national security is secured.                   The fact that it performs the duties of both a physical pat-down and a metal detector means that the device facilitates time saving and is cost effective (TSA). Regardless of the high costs incurred in purchasing and installing it, the device would replace two security guards responsible for physical pat-downs (one guard for each gender). The airport using the device would hence save on wages for two people and less time would be consumed compared to the time used during a physical pat-down.                   Physical pat-downs are considered by various people to be intrusive and full body scanners provide a better alternative that is not as intrusive as pat-downs and that is more thorough. However, since they still examine the body of an individual in-depth, they still make people to feel that their privacy has been invaded. In order to further protect the privacy of people undergoing such scans, screeners are located in a different room from the individual where they can view images without exposing the identity of the person undergoing the scan (Tessler). In addition, security officers entering the viewing room are not allowed to enter with mobile phones, cameras or any gadgets that can take images and store or transmit them (Tessler). Still, fears remain that such images may be stored and used in other platforms such as uploading them to the internet. Authorities provide counterarguments such as the assertion that functions that are responsible for storag e or transmission are not active but rather that they are disabled prior to the installation of these devices in airports. This, though, does not overrule the possibility of technicians managing to enable such functions. Furthermore, it is not quite clear the reason behind inclusion of such functions in the device yet they get disabled prior to installation.                The costly nature of full body scanners is a major limitation that raises the costs of startup for people wishing to enter the aviation industry. Much as they are costly, they fail to reveal objects that are hidden in body cavities and are not capable of revealing objects that are of low density. It is therefore apparent that full body scanner despite of the significant popularity they have gained in combating security threats and illegal practices are incapable of combating drug smuggling that is executed through concealment of drugs in body cavities (Tessler).                   Full body scanners create a potential for harassment or embarrassment of specific groups of people. The device can detect medical equipment that may be connected to body parts such as catheters and it may necessitate further examination to confirm the identity of the object detected (Gartner et al). This would embarrass the victim who would feel that they have been singled out because of their medical condition. Transgender people are also susceptible to such embarrassment as the scanners are capable of detecting prosthetics such as testicles and breasts and the need may arise to further examine individuals whose images indicate the presence of both breasts and testicles as one of the two body features may be an improvised tool to conceal weapons, drugs or other illegal objects or objects not allowed through airport security (Gartner et al). Conclusion                   Full body scanners are recommended to improve airport security and only few loopholes are existent like the inability to detect objects in body cavities. Although much criticism has been directed at the devices, much of it is only based on assumptions and not factual information. On the contrary, the benefits of the device are validated by real life examples therefore full body scanners are largely beneficial. References Gartner M., Heyl M., Holstein A. and Thewalt A. What can the ‘naked’ scanner really see? Bild. 22 July 2010. Web. 8 April 2014 Tessler, Joelle. Airport full-body scanners have benefits, and limits. The Denver Post. 31 December 2009. Web. 8 April 2014 Transportation Security Administration, TSA. Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT). 12 February 2014. Web. 8 April 2014 Source document

Child Development, Nature vs Nurture

The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in psychology. The debate centers on the relative contributions ofgenetic inheritance  and  environmental factors  to human development. Some philosophers such as Plato and Descartes suggested that certain things are inborn, or that they simply occur naturally regardless of environmental influences. Other well-known thinkers such as John Locke believed in what is known as  tabula rasa, which suggests that the mind begins as a blank slate. According to this notion, everything that we are and all of our knowledge is determined by our experience.For example, when a person achieves tremendous academic success, did they do so because they are genetically predisposed to be successful or is it a result of an enriched environment? Today, the majority of experts believe that behavior and development are influenced by both nature and nurture. However, the issue still rages on in many areas such as in the debate on the origins of homosexuality and influences on  intelligence. This question has puzzled philosophers, psychologists and educators for hundreds of years and is frequently referred to as the  nature versus nurture  debate.Are we the result of nature (our genetic background) or nurture (our environment)? Today, most researchers agree that child development involves a complex interaction of both nature and nurture. While some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by biology, environmental influences may also play a role. For example, the timing of when the onset of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such as nutrition can also have an effect. From the earliest moments of life, the interaction of heredity and the environment works to shape who children are and who they will become.While the genetic instructions a child inherits from his parents may set out a road map for development, the environment can impact how these directions are expre ssed, shaped or event silenced. The complex interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at certain periods of time; it is persistent and lifelong. Babies begin to take in sensory experiences from the world around them from the moment of birth, and the environment will continue to exert a powerful influence on behavior throughout life. Geneticscan have a powerful influence on development, but experiences re equally important. For example, while the genetic code contains the information on how a child's  brain  may be pre-wired, it is learning and experience that will literally shape how that child's brain grows and develops. Final ThoughtsClearly, genetics have an enormous influence on how a child develops. However, it is important to remember that genetics are just one piece of the intricate puzzle that makes up a child's life. Environmental variables, including parenting, culture, education and social relationships also play a vital role.Nature v ersus Nurture is a popular debate about whether our genetics, or environmental influences â€Å"mold† more of who we are. An example is whether you get your out-going personality because of your DNA, or because you grew up in an environment that made you out-going. Nature is your genes, Nurture is environmental influences. Read more:  http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_the_argument_of_nature_vs_nurture#ixzz29QTunXP3 The nature vs nurture debate is one of the most enduring in the field of psychology. How far are human behaviors, ideas, and feelings,  INNATE  and how far are they all  LEARNED?These issues are at the center of the ongoing nature versus nurture debate or controversy. In the 17th  century the French philosopher Rene Descartes set out views which held that we all, as individual Human Beings, possess certain in-born ideas that underpin our approach to the world. The British philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, on the other hand, emphasised the role of experience as fully contributing to behavioral development. Locke set out the case that the human mind at birth is a complete, but receptive, blank slate ( scraped tablet or tabula rasa ) upon which experience imprints knowledge.Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper void of all characters, without any ideas. How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE. Dandelion children tend to do pretty well no matter what environment they grow up in. Orchid children, meanwhile, may develop behavior or mood problems in abusive or neglectful homes — but in loving ones, they may thrive even more than dandelions. And according to new research, the

Date Rape and Date Rape Drugs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Date Rape and Date Rape Drugs - Assignment Example The UCR statistic on rape collects information on the number of female victims involved in forcible rape incidences ((Doerner & Lab, 2012). The NCVS, an abbreviation for National Crime Victimization Survey, is a survey which interviews victims of crime about their experiences. The NCVS was introduced in the 1960s to complement the UCR. NVCS surveys gather crime specific information such as when and where the crime happened, the weapon used and victim-offender relationship. NVCS covers 7 counts of crime in two categories namely personal crimes and household crimes. Personal crimes include rape, sexual assault, robbery and aggravated assault. The NVCS statistics on rape covers both male and female victims (Doerner & Lab, 2012). The UCR greatest strength is that it is easily available as it is a primary source of crime estimates. The UCR statistics report is a summary of all reported cases of crime to law enforcement agencies. The UCR captures a lot of information on index crimes, both in terms of arrest and reports. Secondly, the UCR introduces a common metric for measuring crime in the US states. The FBI division of crime as personal and property offenses does not apply to states statutes and codes. The UCR offers a uniform measure for the 50 US states. Lastly, the UCR is continuous as new crimes are collected all the time through law enforcement offices, unlike the NVCS which requires support systems. However, the UCR has serious shortcomings. First of all, it only accounts for police reported crimes. This is a major setback as there are a lot of crimes that go unreported. Consequently, UCR suffers from ‘the dark figure of crime’. Secondly, UCR fails to collect all the relevant data. The UCR only collects data on the offender, victim’s crime details, but only details the circumstance for homicide cases. It fails to capture the weapon used ion forcible rape, and captures only data for female victims, as rape on

"selection questions" investment banking job application Essay

"selection questions" investment banking job application - Essay Example The UBA offers a non-discriminatory and harassment-free workplace, which nurtures stable career growth with room for career development. The bank offers the ideal work environment for all employees while offering them opportunities to develop their professional banking careers. This is why the UBA global bank serves as the perfect bank to work for. The position of Analyst for mergers and acquisitions is a very challenging role, which deals with the purchase, merger, sale or takeover of companies (Iannotta 141). Working in such a globally recognized institution as Barclay Bank would provide a positive career challenge and would boost my experience in the banking career. Careerwise, taking up this role at Barclays would give me the necessary exposure and hands-on experience that is necessary to develop the career positively. The international outlook of the company would offer me a huge opportunity to network with others and help build a solid career base. The main objective of working for the institution would be to utilize this unique platform by maximizing on my talents with the intention of positively developing my career. Additionally, I will maximize on the international platform that the opportunity offers. The Barclays Bank is a leading branch globally, and it focuses on integrating global policies in diverse internation al settings. In addition, the opportunity would help me to bring personal output on an international scale and at the same time boost the merger and acquisitions expertise so as to be able to serve clients better. A chance to be a component of such a dynamic team is indeed hard to find, and this is why being onboard the Barclays fraternity would be such an honor and privilege. Indeed, such added expertise would help in this competitive field, and give it an edge over other banks. The stronger duty of national governments within banking is a catalyst

HR strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR strategy - Essay Example The unreliable market experienced during the case would have been as a result of poor production which is also a consequence of lack of proper management by the group managers and corresponding supervisors within the packaging department (Armstrong, 2008, p. 13). Some of the consequences of poor management experienced in the case study include but not limited to reduction in sales which negatively impacted on the company creating a perception that the company is losing consumer interest in the global market (Heneman and Judith, 2006, p. 16). In order for the company to go through such situations, there must have been issues that compromise the quality and reliability of the company in carrying out the designated product packaging work in line with the company objectives, missions and visions for the near future which is aimed at not less than creating large economies of scale within the global context (Sparrow, 2009, p. 71). ii. How will these changes impact on the Sonoco Strategy? C onsidering then situations that were experienced within the past decades, it would be wise to utilize the scenarios to determine the current requirements that would enable the company achieve to the required quality and quality so that the company becomes /retains the lead and preference in the packaging sector within the global market (Sparrow, 2009, p. 73). However, it is adept to include both the management and employees in a common strategic plan so that all the required issues are addressed from within a common centre that is able to communicate with the other branches so that the company achieves a common goal in their quest to raise the company to higher and better business class at both levels (Dr. Kilia, 2005, p. 75, & Warne, 2005, p. 84). Through inclusion of the entire stakeholders in the decision making process especially the employees; it is likely that the company would gain from the strategy as the employees would recognize that their concern is necessary in the compa ny’s strategic plan (Schein, 1968, p. 28, & Stewart, 1991, p. 61). This would in itself act as a morale booster hence high output would be achieved from the employees at drastically low production cost. A reduction in production expense with increased productivity is a sign of profit to the company (Purcell and wright, 2007, p. 22, &Ehnert, 2009, p.105). 2. The Cindy Hartley’s objectives for change at Sonoco As the vice president of the Sonoco Company, Cindy Hartley came up with strategies to control fixed costs and reduce expenditure which worked well at some time but later experienced a lot of challenges due to then variation in the value of US dollar and other economic factors like decline in trade with Asia due to financial crisis. However, Cindy perceived a lot more productive measures after a hint from the new CEO, DeLoach’s (Revans, 1982, p. 42, & Temple, 2001, p. 38). Despite the short stay at the company, five years was enough for Cindy Hartley to come up with new policies to positively impact on management and performance to enhance development. However, a lot of emphasis was made on compensation and succession plans so that the

The Commodities Under Advertisement And Print Media Essay

The Commodities Under Advertisement And Print Media - Essay Example The magazine focuses on adults that are above the age of 18 but below 25. This group is commonly known as the young adults' group. The reason for stating that this is the most preferred age group for the magazine is because of the explicit content contained in the magazine. When reading the column on the right of the left page one gets to view issues revolving around sex and it is such issues that should not be accessed by young people. In the contemporary environment, there have been different issues that involve young people getting into explicit behavior at a young age and the reason for this is the access to such magazines. It is from this that one understands that adults are the targets of this magazine. Young adults value information regarding new experience in the intimate sector. Many people around this age have little experience in intimacy and from the magazine, the audience value information regarding the subject of the column who discusses her experience when breaking her virginity. One gets to understand the reason why the young adults relate to the magazine The second advertisement is that of the acclaimed clothing line, Gucci. Gucci is an international store that has had the ability to capture the attention of many people from the classy products it has introduced into the market. When looking at the advertisement, one thing to note is the elegant bottle of perfumed displayed on the box. Prior to identifying the bottle, the first thing noticed is the color of the background in the advertisement.

Review and analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Movie

And analysis designers in Objectified A documentary film by Gary Hustwit - Movie Review Example Such an understanding, for designers, should weave into nearly all areas of human interest. This position reinforces the view that designers should seek to create solutions through their products and to meet the material and non-material needs of the consumers. Material goods and design products are embraced as aspects of culture in the sense that they create a sense of identity to the targeted consumers (Lipton 116). Perhaps it would be necessary to regard the mixture of the designers within the broad subject of globalization and the liberalization of market. According to the various speakers in the documentary, many of these designers are driven largely by forces beyond their creative impulse. The documentary provides various examples where designs have evolved in response to certain difficulties or a shift in preferences within cultures, groups, or communities. The design of kitchenware, for instance is largely conditioned by matters of convenience. Basing on the opinions supplied by various speakers in the documentary, it is important for designers to seek an understanding of various cultural aspects that determine people’s values and practices. Such an understanding enhances the capacity of designers to develop products that respond to the specific needs of populations. The Japanese are cited severally and variously as people with close attachment to their culture. The Japanese designers often tend to infuse cultural aspects into their product in a manner that balances the cultural aesthetics and the utilitarian value of the products (Ashoraft 2). On this score, it becomes important to consider the cultural forces that provide the creative synergies of products from Asia and other parts of the world. Moreover, the documentary provides evidence that designers have to rely on the outside world and the needs of the markets and targeted end users to develop products that meet specific objectives. Designers have to work together with

Food Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Safety Management - Essay Example Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has emerged as a popular system of safety management and has become pivotal to securing the safety of the food supply and battle against the escalation of food borne disease.(Taylor and Taylor 2004).However as the instance of the Potter Foods example shows that small and medium sized businesses have found the entire process a "bureaucratic nightmare", and find the whole implementation of the HACCP complex and barriers.(Taylor and Taylor 2004).The system has its origins in the first US manned space Programme (Taylor and Taylor 2004 citing Buchanan 1990) and today it is "an operation specific system of preventative control, which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards of significance to food safety". On the facts we have been told that Potter foods has to as a matter of code of practice implement a food safety management system based on the Codex HACCP Principles with in a time frame of 2 years. It has been required that such a plan must cover all microbiological, chemical and physical hazards that might arise from the raw materials used, covering the entire of the manufacturing process, right up to the point of handover to the Customer. It was also specified that any support programmes, with the prerequisites must be effectively implemented with proper result.At this point I would suggest that such documentation must be completed upon a product-by-product basis and my project plan suggests that suitably qualified personnel should be employed to advance this process. Summary of the problem From the case study it is possible to glean that Potter's Foods being a medium-sized manufacturer of chilled ready meals based in the north of England has three large factory buildings dealing with bakery and party food items which are called Bakery, Chilled and Party .We have been told that the seasoning room and the raw material distribution centre are located in the same store and that the Company uses its own transport for work in progress foods or raw materials however it has not been mentioned that the distribution centre or its transport have proper refrigeration as this is very important for HACCP implementation and could be major reason for the foreign body complaints Potter Foods are facing. In the drawing up of the project plan it is pertinent to note that Potter Foods has to keep up its marketing edge as a flexible manufacturer, with low cost production and prompt delivery and at the same time utilise and keep up the customer confidence. It has also been mentioned that Party is an old building and may not be conducive to the HACCP implementation. There is a problem of taking action against suppliers for defective and unsafe food as it has been said that the raw materials purchased have little paper work into them. As mentioned before Potter's foods are having trouble with microbiological counts and poor equipment maintenance and there is consultation at an organised level with in the technical managers and directors. It has been stated that there is a large amount of wastage due to changes in raw materials suppliers and that the timing of the cooked foods and their temperatures is not adjusted for safety. There is also another danger as it has been stated

Marketing Plan for SmartTravel App Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Marketing Plan for SmartTravel App - Essay Example One of the featured and most interesting feature will be that of allowing users upload videos and pictures of places they have visited, stayed and had fun. Therefore, it is hoped that this feature and the user friendly, interactive and clean interface will boost SmartTravel to be the fastest growing travel app market. SmartTravel is the name of the company as well as the first product that this company will launch. However, all the future products will be listed under the company name but will have different names that will reflect the target market. SmartTravel aims to harness the power of the crowd like no other designed app has managed to do. It will offer printed travel guides that will and that have been essential for tourists. However, such publications are printed after a two year period so as to offer up to date information to the clientele base. However, the guides are printed by one person who does not cover the different tastes of different people. Furthermore, they only cover one region which implies that tourists have to spend lots of money to purchase the guides if they are embarking on numerous tours in different places. Therefore, as there has been a continuous influx of smart phones with WiFi and also mobile coverage is everywhere, it will make sense to travelers to leave their cumbersome, outdated travel guides at home and carry smart phones loaded in an app that can update them with important information very fast. For instance, if one was in the Himalayas, they can share that information instantly on the SmartTravel. Thus, SmartTravel’s objective is to be the heart of this customer-focused movement by getting to let tourists share information, encounters and insights with each other directly and at the same time, bypass ancient channels. SmartTravel aims at venturing into the tourism industry. Traveling is a hobby for most people. Those who do not travel frequently, at least travel during the holidays.

Chinese Women's Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Term Paper

Chinese Women's Attitude toward Intimate Partner Violence and Domestic Violence - Term Paper Example China accounts for 21% of the world’s population (1300) and studies reported prevalence of IPV against women ranged from 13% to 37% in urban areas and 7% to 66% in rural areas (Wang et al. p.533), the characteristics of the Chinese DV and IPV problem and people’s response toward these problem serves to be of focal importance. China was a patriarchal society for an extensive history. The traditional gender expectation for a Chinese woman is to have absolute obedience, loyalty and devotion to her father, husband and even sons. Chinese men’s superiority and women’s inferiority were heavily embedded in many aspects of social life. Until nowadays, individual’s and public’s perceptions of DV and IPV are shaped by this traditional patriarchal ideology (Sun et al. p. 217,Yanqiu et al. p. 1307). But in Western societies, especially for developed countries like the U.S, women’s movement from the 18 century had enhanced individual awareness and p ublic consciousness of women’s right and thus shapes the attitudes toward DV and IPV (Sun et al. 2010, p. 217). Because of the cultural differences between China and western societies, the reasons account for DV and IPV is quite different too, for example, study found that in-law conflict is one of the major causes for DV and IPV because most of the Chinese married couples live with their in-law (Chan 2010). As far as the research conducted on domestic violence is concerned Sun et al, 2010, conducted a study which aimed to analyze the attitude that individuals adopted towards the police response as far as domestic violence is concerned. Ivan et al. made use of a sample that comprised of a survey questionnaire that contains about a 100 items which were administered to university students. The sample comprised of making use of a total of 654 students from China and America and by the use of purposive-and convenient sampling methods looked to analyze the difference in their reac tions and perceptions. Sun et al. conducts research on the topic by making use of a number of variables, the dependent ones having two measures which denote the attitude of the individuals towards the police as either proactive or traditional as far as domestic violence was concerned. The independent variables used were those that had to do with the background characteristics, experiences, and attitudes as far as gender role and violence was concerned. The data gathered was analyzed by means of a bivariate and a multivariate analysis. The research design used was primarily qualitative descriptive in nature as the means of data gathering was through the use of questionnaire and surveys that was distributed. The adaptation of a descriptive qualitative research method was one that was most frequently found in the numerous studies conducted on the topic of domestic violence. We see Chan et al, 2010, conduct a similar study based on a qualitative design, which although did not approach t he topic by highlighting key differences of individuals from different geographical locations but aimed to analyze the aspect childhood sexual abuse by focusing primarily on Hong Kong. The sample incorporated of households that were through random selection used as a part of the representative population study that was conducted. The sample size was also comparatively larger with over 1154 respondents, who were 16 or above and could speak English. They majority of the sample was male whereas 46% were female, with a varied level of education. The sample was interviewed

The Baboons Essay Example for Free

The Baboons Essay The Baboon which belong to ‘Cercopithecidae† from the Old World monkey family. Baboons are found in Africa, south of the Sahara and in the Saudi Arabia desert. Baboons have five subspecies including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive baboons. ( S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons are the most widespread primate in Africa. Recognized for their ability to adapt, baboons can be found in a variety of habitats. For example, some have been found semi-desert to rainforest, and from coastal areas to mountains. Their adaptableness also extends to their feeding habits, baboons will eat just about anything. Baboons diet includes a wide variety of plants, which they eat every part: the leaves, the fruit, the buds, the flowers, the roots, the bulbs, the tubers, the seeds, the shoots, the bark and even the sap. As for meat, these resourceful monkeys will eat insects, shellfish, small reptiles and amphibians, rodents, birds, fish, eggs and even young antelope or livestock. Several kinds of baboons live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These include the Hamadryas baboon, which lives on plains and rocky hills of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa near the Red Sea, and the Chacma baboon, which dwells on rocky regions and open woodlands in southern Africa. Olive baboons inhabit the Kekopey cattle ranch located near the town of Gilgil, Kenya. The central part of the ranch consists of open grassland studded with occasional patches of bushy shrub, scattered thorn bush, and small groves of giant fever trees. (S.C. Strum. 1987)They eat a wide variety of foods including insects, flowers, leaves, fruits of bushes and herbs, and most significant of all, the grass itself. Baboons eat the green blades of grass during the rainy seasons and dig for corms (the underground storage organ of sedge grasses) when the ranch is dry. They can carry food in pouches inside their cheeks. Some of the most vicious predators that the baboon have are the large carnivores such as cheetahs and leopards. The Baboon live mostly on the ground but sleep in such places as trees or cliffs (S.C. Strum. 1987). Throughout Africa baboons achieve some protection from nocturnal predators by sleeping in tall trees or on cliffs. Usually each troop sleeps on a different cliff, but occasionally two troops will share a single sleeping site. In addition to the predators previously mentioned, baboons share their range with antelope as well as other large mammals including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African buffalo (S.C. Strum, D. Lindburg, and D. Hamburg 1999). Primates have a number of characteristic physical features, but not every primate has each of these features. Nearly all kinds of primates, including baboons can grasp objects with their hands and feet. They have nails, rather than claws, on at least some of their fingers and toes. Vision is probably a primates most important sense. Most primates have well-developed eyesight and stereoscopic vision (the ability to judge depth). The eyes are on the front rather than the sides of the head. Other primate features include similar skeletal and dental structures(S.C. Strum, D. Lindburg, and D. Hamburg 1999).The physical features of primates are basically suited for a tree-dwelling life. For example, the ability to grasp objects helps in climbing and traveling through trees. â€Å"Just about all baboons have cheek pouches, enabling them to eat and run. Baboon ears and faces are naked. A baboon has a large head and long, sharp canine teeth, and a muzzle much like that of a dog. A baboons arms are about as long as its legs. Some baboons have short, stumpy tails, but others have tails more than 2 feet long. Male baboons are much larger than the females and have longer canine teeth. Some female baboons weigh as little as 24 pounds. A male baboon may weigh 90 pounds. Body lengths range between 50-60cm. and heavier, with the olive and yellow being the largest†. (Cheney L, Dorothy. Seyearth M, Robert. 2007) Baboons fur is dense and their coloring slightly varies, though most coats contain gray or brown. Olive baboons have a greenish olive coat; yellow baboons are yellowish brown; guinea baboons are reddish brown; chacmas range from yellowish gray to almost black (S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons are sexually dimorphic in size and appearance, with males being larger, often twice as large, and having a more distinctive appearance. Males often have manes and capes of hair around their shoulders. This is especially pronounced in the hamadryads subspecies. This added coat enhances the males’ appearance, making them seem even larger (S.C. Strum. 1987). Baboons can adapt their behavior to many different kinds of environment without having to change much of their basic anatomy. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) Olive baboons live in medium to large groups with multiple males and females. The group functions as a cohesive unit organized around a core of related females. Females usually remain in their natal groups throughout their lives, while males transfer to other groups at around the time of sexual maturity. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) Females maintain close bonds with maternal relatives. Adult females form linear dominance hierarchies, which remain relatively stable for considerable lengths of time. Relationships among males are usually more aggressive than those among females, perhaps because most males in a group are unrelated and because male reproductive success is largely determined by competition for females. (Stewart, Melissa, 2002) The outcome of male competition is a dominance hierarchy, determined by fighting ability, age and size. Humans made a major impact on the environment of the baboons of the Kekopey cattle ranch. In 1978, the ranch was sold to an agricultural cooperative and humans started planting crops. From the baboons point of view, the newly planted maize and beans were simply additional food resources for them to exploit in their traditional home. We knew that crop raiding was a new behavior for baboons. The baboons didnt need the crops to survive. The crops represent a very large and very high-quality food compared to grass blades, roots of herbs, small berries and other items in a baboons natural diet. Farmers tried to put up fences to keep the baboons away from the crops. The farmers quickly realize that the fences were no barrier to animals that can jump, climb, dig and pull apart; even electric fences can be outsmarted.

East-Asian Crisis Essay Example for Free

East-Asian Crisis Essay Has state played a leading role in upgrading technologies in Asia Pacific? Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country or corporate examples. Introduction: The state is a lever that navigates economic process. It is managed by the country government which consists of all educational, socio-cultural, economical and geographical factors. The national innovation systems in Asia have a great significance in the process of technology adjustment (the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. † (Patel and Pavitt (1994: 79)) (4) It sustains governmental institutions and forms economic conditions and opportunities. It influences a market by all restrictions and policies which navigate all import and export activities. The Asia Pacific region includes one of the most economically developed countries in the world. According to academic articles(8) developmental states as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan quickened their industrialisation in order to synchronise their economies with globalisation growth. From a historical perspective South Asia went through enormous industrial and state transformation after 2nd World War till the beginning of 21st century. An effective industrialisation process created the need of upgrading technologies and expanding business relations so to sustain the Asian competitive advantage and stabilise its economy. Furthermore a governmental institutional reform appeared to be essential element of the whole adjustment stage. The â€Å"tiger†(9) economies of Hong Kong and Singapore (plus these of South Korea and Taiwan) impressively adapted to balanced level of navigating their market and a â€Å"miracle† GDP growth followed. Examining the transformation processes in these economies creates an objective view of how the state influenced changes in technologies and why it has such a significant part in the East-Asian success. Body: The developmental states Japan: The process of industrialisation is a key developmental factor. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century by the development of four machine industries: the rolling stock, spinning and weaving machines, machine tools and electric machinery(5)Between all of them the government held strongest influence on the rolling stock-a sub railway system which is an official representative of the system, having trade responsibility and negotiates with suppliers(6).The JNR(Japanese National Railway) policy changed after the 1950s and the private sector started managing its policies with governmental assistance. The rolling stock trading process established the Japanese co-operation with West-European suppliers. Essential approaches like government’s guidance in applying industrial policy, adjustment in labour-management relations, tolerating entrepreneurial firms seen as innovators instead of the zaibatsu-structured equivalents, were taken (3).The mentioned events , concerning Japanese technology adjusting, show the strong relation between state policies and technology level . The state itself is the agent which drives all innovations by the power of its policies and regulations. It played a main role in the factory legislation. Women workers needed protection and they could only receive it by governmental intervention. A report by AAB(Agricultural Affairs Bureau) in 1900 confirmed the negative affect of night shifts onto labour efficiency and technical progress. By taking in consideration this example the state role can be considered as more than crucial. It maintains the economy growth by securing its population conditions (human rights; socio-cultural perspective).In this way it sustains the workforce of the country, which is a main element of stabilising competitive advantage. Despite the fact that most economic articles stress on the â€Å"Japanese Miracle†(1) as a significant period of technology updating and state-system adjustment, the pioneers in technology investment appeared in the Meiji period. These businessmen founded a significant process which contributed to the rapid economic growth after World War II. Japanese role in the Electro-chemical industry has massively influenced the power of Japanese Army. Scientifically educated employees contributed for a better business analysis and strategies. A continuous growth is achieved when a government is concerned both for its trading power and socio-educational system. If both elements are properly maintained a country is able to sustain its competitive status worldwide as its observed in the Japanese case of Toyota-one of the most successful car manufacturer’s. â€Å"The key to the Toyota Way and what makes Toyota stand out is not any of the individual elements. But what is important is having all the elements together as a system. It must be practiced every day in a very consistent manner—not in spurts†(11) Toyota is a great example of brilliant cooperation between increasing labour efficiency and adjustin g technology system. Toyota took some fruitful approaches from the Western European managerial model and kept its unique values from the Japanese culture. It is observed that the more an Asian industry is independent from the state the better it adapts to the global business environment. State policies founded initial basis of the most important Asian features that should be taken and not changed in the business-cycle of a company. Toyota managed to follow the roots of the Japanese â€Å"know how† and at the same time keeps attracting professionals from all over the world in order to sustain its competitive advantage. Furthermore as a modern massive share-holder in different sectors it transformed into customer-oriented company targeting more market segments and reassuring to keep the demand of current customers. This is just one of the many great Japanese examples of sustaining a global market share. It can be stated that the more globalisation expands the higher is the need of rapid adaptation m ethods. Strongly centralised firms should transfer into more de-centralised strategic schemes if they want to achieve bigger success on a international level. Korea: From historical perspective Korea was controversially affected by both US (United States-South Korea) and the USSR(Union of Souviet Socialist Rebubplics-North Korea)During the Rhy government period(7) Korea focused on two massive industrial sectors: consumer goods and construction. After the Korean War (1950-1953) they become leading suppliers in these niches. Collaboration between the’’chaebols’’-â€Å"a group of companies, owed by a specific family, has centralised control and business in different industries that are not directly interrelated†((10)Korean Managerial Dynamics p.29) and the state can be considered as a main reason for the rapid industrialisation in the 1960s.The earlier establishment of cartels( Flour Mill, Sugar and Spinning Manufacturers)and corrupted Japanese and American support contributed to the chaebol growth. Hyundai is the major Korean constructor, which used to sustain and still does the Korean economy. Between 1940s and 1970s the ‘’chaebol’’ transformed into a large-multidivisional private system which expanded its business sectors. In this way the new system created economies of scale under a centralised management strategy. The renovated state policies enhanced the labour force and implemented the export industrialisation strategy. In order to (2)The chaebol business structure created highly-controlled production in the 1970s by hiring managers which took the role of supervisors. In the 1980s the government prioritised the need of higher workforce independence. The state shaped the legal frame of Korea, while supporting the chaebol economic and interest policies.((2);p.3)After the KCTU(Korean Confederation of Trade Unions) was established a significant decrease in the chaebol monopolism was noticed. In 1974 a â€Å"concentration of economic power† emerged as a negative issue.(Korean Managerial Dynamics; Chung, Khae and Lee, Hak Chong p.16) The Ko rean bank was forced to take action due to its monopolistic strength: all private businesses provided information to the open capital market. All monopolistic and cartel structures were constricted from entering new markets. Expectedly or not the existing cartels sustained their barriers of entry. Despite the fact Korea was stimulating domestic manufacturing there was a lack of physical technology ability and it has no choice but looking for external â€Å"packaged technology†(Korean Business: Internal and External factors) –component parts, specialised details, product specifications, quality control and professional assistance. In 1980 this resulted in high-inflation rates. Four recovering movements were taken: better managing of market mechanisms and stabilising price levels (led to export of domestically manufactured technologies); transforming domestic monopolism to a free-competitive foreign markets (increasing of social welfare); encouraging foundation of small-medium businesses. It can be concluded that all state reforms derived from either political external or internal problems. The complicated internal reforms caused to a non-balanced upgrading processes. Korea needed a quick re-navigation and focus on catching up with Western Europe rivals. Good examples of chaebol companies are Samsung and Hyundai. Samsung (founded in 1938 (12))business group is the largest one in terms of annual sales-21 billion dollars in 1987 with 160,000 workers in 42 companies (10 p.29) It entered the insurance, security and enterprise sectors. Nowadays it possesses a major shares in electronics, chemical, construction, manufacturing, land development, service and technology markets. By a constant governmental navigation and assistance this great example of East-Asian conglomerate diversified its supply. While the state takes responsibility of providing well-educated and strong workforce the company itself is concerned of the trading process and constant technology upgrading. â€Å"When Samsung has difficulties in transferring technology, it relied on several different strategic avenues: seeking alternative sources of technology, buying it from financially troubled, small American firms; developing its own technology; or entering a consortium with other local competitors to develop technology†((15)â€Å"Korean Business: Internal and External Industrialisation†) By analysing this strategic approach an excellent decision-making skills are observed. The alternative of â€Å"buying† from American small firms shows that the Korean leader constantly generates cash flow in order to afford such activities in a critical moment. Even â€Å"consortium† schemes were made which shows the great adaptation to the market condition and to all supplying competitors. By competing in different markets and upgrading its business structure Samsung enhances Korean economic stability and competitiveness on international level. A leading competitive ad vantage of Samsung is the brilliant combination of price and quality. The possession of well-educated managers and continuously upgraded technology provides a great reputation of top gadget- producer. Taiwan: The favourable geographic location of the country between the Far-East and Southeast Asia made it a desirable trading place between Western Europe and Asia. Different rivals colonised it as well. Taiwan started its technological developmental in a later stage comparing to its bigger neighbours Japan and Korea. After the 1990s Taiwan became one of the leading ICT(Information and technology communications)suppliers(16)Its well-maintained Research and Development sector and patented technology are fair reasons of the current success. Chinese neoliberalism: A slower economic growth in China is observed comparing to the Japanese and Korean one. A high negative influence of the conserved socio-cultural environment is a main reason. The CFB(Chinese Family Business) internal managerial system has a closed-family ideology. There was a conflict between Chinese conservatism and Chinese world-economy adaptation. Its governmentally centralised system suffered lack of managerial professionalism. This introvert attitude of CFB to business created an obstacle for further technologic improvement because establishing new operational system needs well-educated navigators familiarised with the technology. Furthermore loosing the market trading processes of import and export was irreversible. Modernisation schemes were taken: increase of international trades and foundation of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment- investing in country A, by taking advantage of its geographical and labour conditions and controlling from country B which owns all assets and benefit the bigger prt of the incentive) , which was quite beneficial strategy both for China and Japan. It was necessary to minimise the cultural interference and radically involve western techniques. By focusing onto micro-level variables as behaviour China kept losing its macro level of structural and technological competitiveness. The strong communism affected negatively on both industrialisation and technology adjustment. Recent technology-transfer Laws in the Asia Pacific: Setting up Transfer Laws has essential role in the whole Asia-Pacific trade legitimacy. They also determine the significance of technologies and how they are used in a more effective way. In China a warmer attitude to foreign companies is observed. Its entry into the WTO(World Trade Organisation) encouraged cross-continental transfers. In 1999 China accepted the UCL(Unified Contract Law) which gave more freedom by license agreement which can be signed between partners and fasten all transfers. In 2003 The Ministry of Commerce was founded as well as new three-type technology categorisation: prohibited, restricted or permitted. The foundation of such institutions was a necessity in order to exclude all wasting money and time processes, which is both beneficial for suppliers and buyers. The determinant of accepting import transfer is whether it will enhance China’s technological improvement. Furthermore it should not be an environmental and security constraint. Equivalent technology licences(legal and contractual) were formed in Japan. In April 2004 the National University Corporation Law was accepted, providing bigger educational independence which enhances the social welfare and gives more opportunities to young individuals specialise their skills into different sectors. Historically observed, South-Korea always had strictly controlled technology-licensing system in order to preserve newly-founded firms from their out-boundaries rivals and ensures continuous development. Co-operation between education and management led the Asian Pacific to a top place in the technology world. The laws approved in the end of 20th century were turned into a new transfer law in the 21st century. The FIPA(Foreign Investment Promotion Act) is in charge of all foreign investment s. It is an autonomous institution which has the power to simplify and navigate all import activities for the sake of higher country incentive. Its strategy is to attract investment and sustain competitive international advantage. The Monopoly Regulation and FTA(Fair Trade act )(Hill,2006)(19) Conclusion: While the Asia Pacific was struggling to escape out of its cultural constraints and its isolated business system during the first half of the 20th century, it appeared that it adapted rapidly through the second half of the century. It went under serious governmental and structural transforms. It seems that the Asian recovery period after the Second World War was far away more intensive and successful comparing to some European countries. From 1990 to 1997 Asia generated over one-third of the global value-added production by high-technology production industries, higher to the the European and US shares.(13) Investments in the Research and Development sector are significant for successf ul technology adjustment. The establishment of new universities and modifying their educational systems provide scientists and intelligent individuals who can operate and cope with the technology process. The importance of conserving culture-oriented models is of the same sensuality as expanding growth on international level. The Asian ambition of establishing leadership in important world industries contributed to its success. Although there were huge periods of struggling adapting new managerial work-plans the â€Å"tiger economies† managed to survive during tough war and reform periods. Even not really friendly-orientated of cooperating between each other Asian economy survived because of the common adaptation strength and control of markets. The connection between the state and business was not simply one of interference or direction by the state of the market. â€Å"It was rather a positive partnership involving many connections between entities† (Johnson,1997)A geographical advantage of more isolated location in the world enhanced the Asian state independence and its technology orientation. Obviously the bigger sized Asian economies like China and Japan overtook cultural and religion influence.They started their recovering processes more rapidly comparing to the late-comer economies of Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.(Warner,2007) Bibliography: 1. Maidement, R., Mackerras C., (1998) Culture and Society In The Asia-Pacific, United Kingdom: Routledge 2. Rowley, C., Bae, J., (1998) Korean Business Internal and External Industrialization, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd. 3. Yui, T., Nakagawa, (1989) Japanese Management in Historical Perspective, Japan: University of Tokyo Press 4. Kwon, S., O’Donnell, M., (2001) The Chaebol and Labour in Korea The development of managmenet strategy in Hyundai, Oxon: Routledge 5. Rowley, C., Warner, M., (2009) Management in South-East Asia Business Culture, Enterprises and Human Resources, Oxfordshire: Routledge 6. Chung, K., Lee H., (1989) Korean Managerial Dynamics, New York: Praeger 7. The Japanese Miracle, http://www.japanese123.com/japanesemiracle.htm Date accessed 2/12/2012 8. Borisova, N., (2011) The market, the state, and the culture in economic development in Asia, http://nataliaborisova.hubpages.com/hub/market-state-culture-asia Date accessed 2/12/2012 9. (2004)Four The Rise of the Regions: Fiscal Reform and the Decline of Central State Capacity i n China 10. http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g50071kchunk.id=d0e3492toc.depth=100brand=ucpress Date accessed 2/12/2012 11. Wu Y., (2004) The China Quarty, Volume 177, pp 91-114 12. Samsung History, http://www.samsung-mobiles.net/history-of-samsung.html Date accessed 3/12/2012 13. Taiwan’s Technology Industry Marks Global Success http://www.forbescustom.com/DiversityPgs/UnityFirst/3_4_09/UFNAACPTaiwanTechP1.html Date accessed 4/12/2012 http://www.pom.ir/wp-content/uploads/PDF/book/The%20Toyota%20Way.pdf 14. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/pdf/nsf07319.pdf 15. http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr41/pdf/f14_miz.pdf 16. http://www.economist.com/node/13649520 17. 10) 18. Hill, D., 2006, â€Å"Developments in Asia†,The Licensing Journal

Advantages Of Scripting Language Computer Science Essay

Advantages Of Scripting Language Computer Science Essay A scripting language is a form of programming language that is used to create scripts or bits of code. Scripting languages are often written to facilitate enhanced features of websites, these features are processed on the server but the script of a specific page runs on the users browser. The origin of the term was similar to its meaning in a movie script tells actors what to do: a scripting language controlled the operation of a normally-interactive program, giving it a sequence of work to do all in one batch. For instance, one could put a series of editing commands in a file, and tell an editor to run that script as if those commands had been typed interactively. Advantages of scripting language Its easy to learn and use Minimum programming knowledge or experience required Allows complex tasks to be performed in relatively few steps Allows simple creation and editing in a variety of task editors Allows the addition of dynamic and interactive activties to web pages The editing and running code is fast Disadvantages of scripting language Can be slower to run since they are interpreted and not compiled into machine code. Can be harder to debug since no development environment is available by default. Since they are text based it is easy for other people to modify and thus break it. Why modern web pages use javascript? Browser support- To access flash content you need to install flash plugin into your browser. But to use Javascript you dont need to install a plugin for it, becuase all web browsers have accepted javascript as a scripting language for them and provides support for it. With the use of javascript you can add various features like user authentication, validation etc Javascript easily reads and writes HTML elements and can be embedded into a HTML easily. You can use Javascript to load the page according to the requirement of the browser It is the most light programming language which can be easily loaded on slow internet. An action event can be created with the use of javascript, when a user clicks a button, various events which is not possible through HTML: Javascript has the ability to react on it. Explain the following features of JavaScript, giving an example of each: Objects Javascript has built in objects, some of them are string, date and array. Events A JavaScript can be executed when an event occurs, like when a user clicks on an HTML element. These events can occur when a user clicks the mouse, when a web page has loaded and when an image has been loaded. Methods There are a lot of javascript methods, some of them are anchor, apply, attend, big and blind. Each of these methods are different, for example an anchor method places an HTML anchor that has a NAME attribute around text, an apply method applied a method of an object substituting another object for the current object. Loops Javascript loops often runs with arrays these loops are used to run the same code over and over again, each time with a different value. For example in javascript for is a loop that loops through a block of code a number of times, while loop, loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true. Functions Javascripts has many functions some of them are abs, acos and asin. Each of these methods are different. Abs function returns the absolute value of a number, an acos function returns the arccosine of a number. JavaScript is an object orientated language. Describe what this means. Is JavaScript object-oriented? It has objects which can contain data and methods that act upon that data. Objects can contain other objects. It does not have classes, but it does have constructors which do what classes do, including acting as containers for class variables and methods. It does not have class-oriented inheritance, but it does have prototype-oriented inheritance. The two main ways of building up object systems are by inheritance (is-a) and by aggregation (has-a). JavaScript does both, but its dynamic nature allows it to excel at aggregation. JavaScript is not truly object oriented because it does not provide inheritance. But it turns out that JavaScript supports not only classical inheritance, but other code reuse patterns as well. Task 2 M2 Explain in detail how scripting languages can be used to improve the functionality of web pages. Scripting languages, which can be embedded within HTML, commonly are used to add functionality to a Web page, such as different menu styles or graphic displays or to serve dynamic advertisements. These types of languages are client-side scripting languages, affecting the data that the end user sees in a browser window. Why use Scripting Languages? Quite often we wish to automate a simple task running several programs in a row, installing programs, even writing a simple script or GUI to run a program that needs many parameters. Scripting languages allow us to write such a thing quickly, and run it without any compilation. They also have good support for launching processes and controlling them, parsing text files, etc. With a script, theres never the question of where is the source? or did i re-compile it after i fixed that bug? the script _is_ the source. Client side and Server side Client side In Client side the scripting does all the calculations on the users computer. The web browser or a specific plugin reads the script and converts it into a visual web page. Front end context uses scripting through a user interface. There are many ways a user interface uses scripting one is that it resizes parts of the webpage to make it all fit properly.It also resizes boxes. Most of the information that the user enters into the website stays in the client side and sometimes sent back to the server. Javascript can obtain external files and images. It then exploits all of this using web analytic programs, the server can retrieve all the information from all of these. The difference between client side à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ and server side The difference is fairly simple client side code is processed by the client (the browser to be more specific) while the server code is processed by the server . A typical web page as far as the client is concerned consists of some of HTML implemented by CSS, or Javascript. Server side code, on the other hand is never seen by the browser. The browser is not and should never need to be aware of server side scripts such as PHP. Server side code is browser independent which means that if the page you create looks different in internet explorer than it does in opera. Client Side advantages Allow for more interactivity by immediately responding to users actions May improve the usability of web sites for users whos browsers support scripts Can give developers more control over the look and behaviour of their web widgets Secure as it is protected which means it is not possible to read by users, prevents it from being stolen Client Side disadvantages Not all browsers support scripts therefore users might experience errors if no alternatives are provided Different browsers and browser versions support scripts differently thus more quality testing is required More development time and effort might be required Server side advantages Complex processes become more efficient Does not need to rely on specific browsers or plug ins You can make a webside dynamic, PHP a server side scripting language have features such as you can to add a username and password Server side disadvantages Less immediate Can slow down your web site E.g. AJAX, accessibility, alerts, confirming choices, prompting the user, redirecting the user, browser detection, creating rollovers, checking/validating input, handling forms, maintaining cookies Task 3 P5 (b) Design interactive scripts using scripting languages (JavaScript) that can be embedded onto the website created in assignment 1. Select 2 of the following (you may choose your own if you wish) that you must include into a minimum of two web pages: JavaScript slideshow Random image generator Browser version/type detection Software plug-in detection Feedback form using JavaScript validation For each of your chosen scripts produce: Design: A flow chart or Pseudo code Implementation: Annotated screen shots of the scripts in action on the web pages. Correct structure of HTML code which includes correct indentation of the code and well commented. M3 (b) Printouts of the scripts Testing: P6 (b) A test table containing the variables being tested, test data, expected results and actual results. Task 4: D1 Investigate and produce a report (minimum 1 page) that explains at least three examples of how web pages using scripts are implemented differently in two different browsers, for example, Internet Explorer and Firefox. Browser capability Browsers have varying levels of compliance with Style Sheets. This means that some Style Sheet features are supported and some arent. To confuse things more, some browser manufacturers decide to come up with their own proprietary tags. Fortunately, browser compatibility is becoming less of an issue as the latest browser versions are much more standards-compliant than their earlier counterparts. Browser capability is a headache for Javascript coders around the world. There are two ways to allow conditions within your script such as Javascript to take different paths depending on capability These two ways are: 1. Browser detection 2. Object detection Browser detection Browser detection checks with the browser directly to see which make and model it is. This allows you to choose which code to run on your browser. Browser detection is capable of working out the browser and version being used. This allows the web page to use the right code which is to visually display. Browser detection coding function thisBrowserIs(browserTest){ if(navigator.userAgent.indexOf(browserTest)!=-1){ return true; } } This is an example of browser detection coding. This code means that if it can find the string being passed to this function within the navgator user agent property, then return true Object detection Object detection allows you to check if an aspect of the script language definition exists before trying to use it. It means that the script can detect whether certain objects can work with a specific browser. Object detection example: if (document.images) { do something with the images array } Separate style sheets You want to make sure that your style sheets works on most internet browsers. There is different coding with different browsers. Creating Separate Style Sheets for Internet Explorer and Firefox IE and Mozilla handle CSS instructions differently. It can be annoying but, there is a way to get around it. Make multiple style sheets, one for each type of browser. Then customize each style sheet for its corresponding browser. Create two style sheets, one for IE browsers) and one for every other kind of browser Tell Internet Explorer to use a separate style sheet by inserting the following code between your header tags. Change the name and path of the css files to that of the css files on your site. The code must appear in this order. Task 5: D2 Write a report that evaluates the website that you have created stating good points, bad points and discuss at least four different methods that could be used to improve the created web site. I created a website to a book shop called Harlington book store. It took me 3 weeks to completely finish the website with all the books and prices. As I had previous experience in creating websites this website was quite enjoyable to create. I used three main colours on my website so it would look more professional and creative. I included 9 pages to this website and I have created a menu bar so the user can navigate to these pages. To make this website user friendly I have created alt tags and I have checked the browser capability of the website. During this period I had many problems creating the website such as I had to upload the books one by one with prices and for each book I had to download the book cover. This took me more than a week to finish all the books. Another problem I faced was when I had to resize all the images of the book to the same size. Uploading the books were the most hated part when creating this website apart from that creating the website was very enjoyable. One thing to improve this website would be to create a database so when updating the books can be automatically uploaded on the website instead of uploading on the website itself. Checklist for Assignment 2: JavaScript Implementation Content Y/N Comments TASK 1: Describe the main features of the chosen scripting language (P3) Explain what a scripting language is and why is it used in the modern web pages Objects Events Methods Loops Functions JavaScript is an object orientated language. Describe what this means. TASK 2: (M2) Explain in detail how scripting languages can be used to improve the functionality of web pages. TASK 3: Design, create and test web pages using scripts to implement interactivity. (P5 b) (P6 b) (M3 b) Script 1: A flow chart or Pseudo code Screen shots of the scripts in action on the web page. Comment and indent your code Printouts of the scripts A test table for the script Script 2: A flow chart or Pseudo code Screen shots of the scripts in action on the web page. Comment and indent your code Printouts of the scripts A test table for the script Task 4: (D1) How scripts are implemented differently in two different browsers. (3 Examples) Task 5: (D2) Website Evaluation

MBA Admissions Essays - The Art of Business :: MBA College Admissions Essays

MBA Admissions Essays - The Art of Business We stroll through a marketplace in Beer-Sheva, inhaling a conglomeration of smells and sounds that feel as though they are part of a different century. My father and I enter a small stand. A little woman sits in the corner scanning her livelihood like a hawk monitoring her nest. She promotes her wares not for a quarterly report but to feed and clothe her family. My father picks up a small wooden camel and calls out in our native tongue, "How much?" "Fifty Shekel," she responds. Her reply is automatic. This is what she does all day, every day. My father eyes her directly. He doesn't flinch. "I'll give you ten." He remembers the game as if he'd been playing it daily since he left his homeland. She opens high and he counters low, each one hoping the other will give in first. I observe, taking mental notes. She replies with conviction, "It's handmade, I can't go lower than forty." We all know the camel was made in a local factory, but he doesn't contradict her. To call her credibility into question at this stage could ruin the transaction. "I only have twenty," fires my dad, as if he had rehearsed his line. I glance at his back pocket bulging with Israeli currency but don't let on, for she's searching my face for a sign of weakness. I'm beginning to see what the game is all about. "I cannot sell for less than forty," she retorts. My father squeezes my hand subtly and I latch on to his paw. We slowly start to leave the stall. "So be it," he voices over his shoulder with an air of studied ease. We continue out of the cool shadows toward the fascinating frenzy of the exotic streets. Just as our sandaled feet touch the dirt road and we are about to rejoin the crowd, we hear a shriek. "Wait! Give me thirty." My father winks at me, turns nonchalantly, and swaggers toward the woman. I quickly pull thirty Shekel out of my pocket and thrust them into his hand, so the woman won't discover the treasures buried in his pocket. I smile at my quick thinking. My father plays it straight, as if I were supposed to hand him the money. He works his thick fingers around a five-shekel piece and with a magician's sleight-of-hand, swiftly transfers the coin to his other palm.

Blindness Essay -- essays research papers fc

The term blindness implies total or partial loss of vision involving both eyes. The exact level of vision defined as blindness, however, varies in different countries because of differing legal or social requirements. In the United States, blindness is defined as unimprovable vision of 20/200 (6/60) or worse. This means that an individual is generally considered blind who, even with the use of ordinary eyeglasses, can see no better at 20 ft (6 m) than a person with normal vision can see at 200 ft (60 m). On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) Program Advisory Group on the Prevention of Blindness lists the vision level suggested as blindness as a visual acuity of less than 10/200 (3/60), which is twice as low as the U.S. definition. The WHO level of visual acuity is also described as the inability to count fingers in daylight at a distance of 10 ft (3 m), because in many regions a great number of people cannot receive formal eye examinations but may be tested by unspecialized personnel. From data available in the mid-1980s, the number of persons worldwide who have a visual acuity of less than 10/200 is estimated as 28 million. This level of handicap precludes an individual from functioning effectively in the community without special assistance and rehabilitation (see BLIND, EDUCATION OF THE). Were the definition of blindness instead taken as 20/200, as is done in a number of industrialized countries besides the United States, t... Blindness Essay -- essays research papers fc The term blindness implies total or partial loss of vision involving both eyes. The exact level of vision defined as blindness, however, varies in different countries because of differing legal or social requirements. In the United States, blindness is defined as unimprovable vision of 20/200 (6/60) or worse. This means that an individual is generally considered blind who, even with the use of ordinary eyeglasses, can see no better at 20 ft (6 m) than a person with normal vision can see at 200 ft (60 m). On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) Program Advisory Group on the Prevention of Blindness lists the vision level suggested as blindness as a visual acuity of less than 10/200 (3/60), which is twice as low as the U.S. definition. The WHO level of visual acuity is also described as the inability to count fingers in daylight at a distance of 10 ft (3 m), because in many regions a great number of people cannot receive formal eye examinations but may be tested by unspecialized personnel. From data available in the mid-1980s, the number of persons worldwide who have a visual acuity of less than 10/200 is estimated as 28 million. This level of handicap precludes an individual from functioning effectively in the community without special assistance and rehabilitation (see BLIND, EDUCATION OF THE). Were the definition of blindness instead taken as 20/200, as is done in a number of industrialized countries besides the United States, t...

Free College Essays - Response Essay to Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Response to The Scarlet Letter "Confess thy truth and thou shall have eternal rest." I belive that is the moral to be taught in this novel of inspirational love, yet a novel of much sorrow. The impossible became possible in The Scarlet Letter, a story set back in the Puritan Times. In this response, I will give my reactions in writing to different aspects of the novel;the characchters, my likes and dislikes, my questions, and my opinion of the harsh Puritain lifestyle. Hester Prynne, the Reverend Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth each suffered guilt in their own way in the novel The Scarlet Letter. In the beginning of the novel, Hester Prynne should have not suffered the way she did on the scaffold alone. She was forced to be intergated by the high-officials of the town, while holding her little Pearl in arms. Making matters worse, the father of the child was in that very group of officals. She was then sentenced to wear the scarlet letter "A", showing her guilt "externally". Unable to take it off, she was forced to show her guilt to the entire settlement. However, the Reverend Dimmesdale suffered "internally", with a scarlet letter of his own engraved in his mind, and on his chest as well. He felt like he betrayed God, and beat himself in a frenzy to prove his wrongdoing. He often questioned wheather his authority was true or not. Roger Chillingworth suffered the least, because he only failed to reveal the secret that he knew, the father of the child who Hester Prynne was forced to live with. This small restriction to his life forced him to suffer "internally". I had different likes and dislikes in the novel The Scarlet Letter. There were many things that needed to be judged to fit into the given catagories, including; character attitudes, and character decisions. For example, the attitude displayed from the Reverend Mr. Dimmesdale was rather unnapealing to me. There are different ways of settling ones guilt rather than whipping oneself in a closet. The one character whose attitude was appealing to me was that of Pearl's. She showed that mistakes in a relationship often lead to bad situations. Her mischeif and connection to the devil are examples of just those situations. Character decisions played an euqally important role. For example, I thought the descision for Hester not to tell who was the father of Pearl on the scaffold to be very brave, but was wrong.

Philosophy Metaphysics Essay

Plato was a Greek philosopher who has written different articles and books on different subjects including poetry, politics, music, biology and zoology, physics and metaphysics and logical books. He was and is a very important figure on western culture philosophy. He was the first and founder of who created the comprehensive philosophical system on the above mentioned subjects. His complex views on practical sciences completely shaped and gave a direction to medieval scholars, their influence expanded far well into the culture although they were later replaced by modern physical science. According the study his work in biology was confirmed to be perfect and accurate as early as nineteenth century and contained the earliest known formal study with logics that were transformed to modern form of study. He was also a mathematician and the founder of Athens academy which was the first institution of higher learning in the western world. He was a Socrates student who was much influenced by his complex thinking. Plato’s sophisticated wrings can be witnessed by reading his Socrates articles. Though Plato was a lecture in his academy, none of his pedagogical dialogues is known with a proof. Bibliography Early life The Plato’s exact birth date is not known, but according to ancient sources estimates that he was born in Athens approximetry between 429 and 423 BC (Irwin,1995) He was a son to Ariston. Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus. Plato’s mother was called Perictione, whose family had a undoubted relationship with the highest ranked and famous lawmaker of Athens and Solon the poet. Plato, Ariston and Perictione the sister to Chamides of the thirty tyrants had three other children; two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone. According to research conducted by ancient writers, his mother conceived through a virginal conception. Apollo the ancient Greek god appeared to Ariston in a vision, and this was a resulted why Ariston left Perictione unmolested. Another legend says that when Plato was sleeping as an infant, bees had settled on his lips a sign of the sweetness that would flow for he would discourse philosophy. Ariston believed to have died during the Plato’s early life, although the exact date of his death is hard to know. Plato used to introduce his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or to mention them with some precision: (Richard, 1993) Naming Plato was formally known as Aristocles, he was named after his grand father, his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, nicknamed him â€Å"Platon†, which was to be his future name meaning â€Å"broad† on account of his robust figure. Plato derived this name from the breadth of his eloquence, or else because he was very wide across the forehead. (Eric, 2005) Socrates Plato made it clear in his apologies of Socrates that he was among the member of Socrates young devoted followers. In the dialogue, Socrates name Plato as one of the corrupt youths who are close to him if he was in deed guilty of corrupting the youth, he would question why his relatives did not step forward to testify against him if he really committed the crime. Plato was also fined together with Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them. (Taylor,2001). The relationship between the Plato and the Socrates is full of problems, Aristotle tries to attributes a different doctrine with respect to the ideas of Plato and Socrates but Plato always use other people to speak in his dialogues. In another letter of Plato states that no letter of Plato will exist, this brings in a question of whether the letters believed are his are really his of from Socrates. The relationship between the Plato and Socrates is an area that that answers the scholars’ question. (Roy, 2001) The Metaphysics of the Phaedo This is Plato’s eulogy to Socrates. This recounts the last moments of Plato and his teacher. He emphasizes that we ought to care and there is a concrete need to care for our soul for this is to live in what he called philosophically. Plato tries to bring into contrast between the changing form of life and materials. Plato never gave deep description on whatever he wrote about this was referred to as Plato’s doctrine. Perhaps the scholars tend to think Plato’s way of expression on metaphysics is not complete for he does not emphasize much on the changing form and souls and metaphysics this tends to give scholars a task of trying to understand what are the set principles Plato’s tried to bring forward. Plato never gave a definition of anything though it could give a clear picture of what is in his mind (Mitchell,2004) Plato’s narration Plato, though in his narration, he never participated as a character. He never claims that he has ever heard anything to do with his narration at first place with an exception of Socrates apology. In so me of his dialogues, there is no narrator examples of these are, Meno, Gorgias, Phaedrus, Crito, Euthyphro in other dialogues, they have been narrated by Socrates where he speaks as a first person examples of this are Lysis, Charmides, Apology, Republic. Socrates narrates to anonymous person. Plato’s absence in his own dialogues and character is identified as his holding his actual view. The question of why Plato distanced himself from the author ship of his own dialogues is an issue that went against the tradition of Socrates. (Edward,2007). Late life of Plato Plato the philosopher traveled to various countries world wide which include. Cyrene, Egypt, Italy and Sicily. He returned to Athens at an age of about forty. According to history, he found a school which is believed to be one of the most organized by then in western culture on a piece of land in the Hecademus Grove. It was a big school on a piece of land owned by a citizen of Athens called Academus. The academy operated until its closedown at around AD 529 by Justinian I of Byzantium who found the academy as a threat to Christian propagation. Many intellectuals were educated at the academy including the Aristotle. Plato died at an age of 84 in Athens. (John, 1999). Conclusion Plato set a formula to be followed by modern scholars. His writings stand unique among other scholars for he never used himself as a character in his dialogues. Though not known why he used other people, he stands to be among the ancient greatest scholars. The establishment of the academy paved way forward for those who were ready to learn including the Aristotle. He is to be remembered as far formal education is concerned. Footnotes Plato was 84 years old at his death [37] The academy operated until its closedown at around AD 529[33] The Plato’s exact birth date is not known, but according to ancient sources estimates that he was born in Athens approximetry between 429 and 423 BC [36] He was also a mathematician and the founder of Athens academy [23] Crito, Critobolus, and Apollodorus on behalf of death penalty against them [46] Reference: Irwin, T (1995) Plato’s ethics, oxford university press, USA Richard, K. (1993) The Cambridge companion to Plato, Cambridge university press Eric, H. (2005) preface to Plato, Belknap press Roy, J. (2001) Plato. London, Holder and stroughton Mitchell, M. (2004). The Philosopher in Plato’s Statesman. Parmenides Publishing Edward, M. (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. Taylor, E. (2001). Plato: The Man and His Work, Dover Publications John, S. (1999). Chorology: On Beginning in Plato’s â€Å"Timaeus†. Indiana University Press.

Ensuring children and young people’s safety Essay

Ensuring baberen and preteen hatfuls pencil eraser and welf atomic number 18 in the trans symboliseion conditionting is an essential recrudesce of protecting. eon clawren atomic number 18 at trail, practitioners act in loco pargonntis while their p atomic number 18nts atomic number 18 onward. As bug out of their legal and professional obligations, practitioners tolerate positions of entrust and a indebtedness of pull dour to the barbarianren in their school, and in that locationfore should perpetu completelyy act in their best interests and agree their galosh the welf atomic number 18 of the electric s becomer is paramount ( children motivate 1989). The Children diddle 2004 came in with the Every Child Matters (ECM) guidelines and greatly impacted the way schools witness at the care and welfare of pupils.Children and young people should be helped to learn and grow and be given the opportunity to bring home the bacon the five basic emergecomes be flu shed stay safe enjoy and bring home the bacon make a positive percent epoch and achieve economic comfortably-being. Children are undefended and depending on their geezerhood and level of cultivation, do not see danger or recognise take a chances. They do not do it when or how to look after themselves and shoot full-growns to protect them and en sure as shooting their golosh, whilst encouraging their freedom in an age assume manner. wholly organisations that engross supply or volunteers to lop with children take away to use a safer enlisting practice. In March 2005, following the Soham murders and the consequent Bichard Inquiry, the DCSF Department for Children, Schools and Families (previously the DES and the DoH) proposed that Recommendation 19 of the Bichard Inquiry should be carried turn come out new arrangements should be introduced requiring those who wish to wager with children, or vulnerable adults, to be registered. The register would subscribe that there is no known tenableness why an individual should not drop dead with these clients.As a result, the rightguarding Vulnerable Groups figure 2006 was passed, providing the legislative frame persist for the new Vetting and barring scheme. This Act established the Independent Safeguarding place (ISA) to make decisions virtu everyy who should be allowed to work with children, the elderly and new(prenominal) vulnerable adults and to detect lists of those who are barred. Under the Act, it is an offense for an employer to employ a barred mortal in a role with children. It is excessively an offence for a barred person to yield for much(prenominal) a role. Employers moldinessinessiness as well advise the ISA if an individual defiles a child whilst working for them. The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 co-ordinated the ISA with the CRB (Criminal destroys Bureau) to form the DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services). It also identify between supervised and unsupervised acti vities.Schools should consent policies and procedures for safer enlisting practice, which should be applied at every stage in the recruitment process, from advertising, references and pre-interview snags, to the choice of undersidedi views, interviewing process and the offer of appointment. As part of the process, every adult deficient to work with children or vulnerable adults must direct a DBS (Disclosure and Barring Services) check. at that place are three levels of DBS apocalypse-Basic disclosure degrees relevant schooling about the individual, unneurotic with all convictions (spent or in force), cautions or warnings that the individual has received.-Enhanced disclosure includes the analogous as the basic disclosure, plus some(prenominal) additional relevant instruction held by the police.-Enhanced disclosure with Barred List Check.Schools must also delay that whatsoever adults (including cleaners and caretakers) or volunteers in the workplace do not create unsupervised attack to children unless they have been DBS checked.Schools take inment to ensure that they abide children and young people with a contented safe surroundings to learn and develop, with rely and domiciliateive adults. Practitioners motivating to actively prove the nearly-being and welfare of every child. This includes providing a wide range of activities to promote development through play as headspring as formal learning. These activities should include age appropriate toys and games that concern the Toy ( pencil eraser) Regulations 1995 and are in a good distinguish of repair. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that image products have been tested and meet the British normal Institute requirements. CE markings destine that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community.Children also need to communicate and socialise with their peers, children from other age groups and other adults. T hey need to smelling safe and catch in their environment so that they feel able to let loose to adults about any concerns they may have, or to ask questions and seek help without venerate of embarrassment. They need good role models who can help them extend their decision do skills and develop independence appropriate to their age and development level. Practitioners have a make headway right to provide additional abide to children who may have special educational needs.This may be through individual sessions within the school, liaison with external function such as educational psychologists or through the CAF (Common judicial decision Framework) process. The CAF process was highly-developed to gather and mensurate information in congener to a childs needs in development, parenting and the family environment. It is a helping that should be offered to children (and their families) whose additional needs are not being met through oecumenical services within the school. Pr actitioners also need to protect any children who may be at risk of significant harm be fuck off of their home life and personal mountain.thither are a number of policies and procedures that should be in place in schools to ensure children and young peoples security measures and safety processing in an undefendable and transparent way adults should make sure that another atom of mental faculty is endlessly aware of where they are working, especially if they are alone in a style with a child, there should always be visual access or the approach should remain open.Duty of care adults should always act in the best interests of the child and ensure their safety the welfare of the child is paramount (Children Act 1989).Whistleblowing faculty should come across their responsibilities to raise concerns of malpractice. module will be deemed to be failing in their duty to safeguard children if they do not act.earshot to children adults relationships with children should alway s be professional, caring and respectful. Children need to feel valued and listened to.Power and positions of trust adults working with children hold positions of trust ascribable to their access to the children in their care, and relationships between pupils and staff willalways have an unequalized balance of power these positions should never be ab utilize.Behaviour teachers should behave in such a way as to safeguard childrens well-being and maintain cosmos trust in the teaching profession. somatogenic contact staff should ensure that any contact with children is entirely professionally appropriate.off-site visits staff must take particular(prenominal) care to ensure that clear boundaries are maintained and full risk assessments must be carried out prior to a visit.Recording of images there must be age-appropriate consent from the person or their parents or carers.Intimate personal care all children have a right to safety, loneliness and dignity when intimate care is required. share concerns and information highly confidential information about children and their families should only ever be shared on a need to know basis, and anonymously wherever possible. certification school set forth should be do secure with fencing, gates and locking doors with secure access codes to encumber unwelcome visitors and to menses children from leaving the premises unaccompanied. thither should be clear locking and unlocking procedures and smashed rules for visitor access to the buildings. Contractors should be LA clear or selected using safe selection procedures and should have carried out appropriate risk assessments in advance. They should be given information to enable them to follow the schools safety procedures.The three main areas that phone the breastplate of children from harm in the work setting are child protection health and safety, and risk assessments.Child protection.It is the responsibility of all adults in the setting to actively safe guard children and young people and to prevent abuse or slackness. The setting should event how the policies and procedures should work on a chance(a) basis and outline current lawmaking in this area (see travail A). The constitution should describe the responsibilities of the setting as well as those of individuals. It should include a heavyset of the possible signs of abuse or neglect for staff to refer to (see Task D1). module are required to respond to any concerns in an appropriate and timely manner. There should be clear guidelines on how staff should proceed when there are concerns, orallegements have been make, including the role of the designated CPO (Child Protection Officer) (see Task D2).stave should also be made aware of the procedures if the allegation concerns another member of staff or the head teacher (see element 2 below). The policy should detail external services that may be required, including names and telephone numbers etc. There should be specific steering about how to behave if a child or young person makes an allegation of abuse. The policy should detail other procedures and policies that support staff responsibilities in this area, such as the behaviour and anti-bullying policies (see Task E) and the whistleblowing policy (see Section 3 below).wellness and Safety.Schools are legally required to have a wellness and Safety policy to ensure that there is a plan for how health and safety is managed in the setting and that all staff are aware of all their responsibilities. This policy should be read and implemented by all staff and it should form part of the induction process for new members of staff. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the prudence of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 were designed to protect everyone at work. The employer in a school must take reasonable steps to ensure that staff and pupils are not capable to risks to their health and safety. This applies to activities on or off school p remises. The employer is required to slobber out fix reviews of the school, its premises and activities. There should be a designated health and safety translator at every setting who is answerable for the reviews and any subsequent action.The reviews should involve regular walks around the school as well as safety checks on equipment. all electrical items should be checked per year by a qualified electrician. provoke extinguishers should also be checked annually. Staff should ensure that they use any safety equipment provided and store it safely. All materials and equipment used in schools should meet recognised safety standards. Practitioners should check for Kitemarks and CE markings. Kitemarks are symbols that show products have been tested and meet the British Standard Institute requirements. CE markings show that products meet European standards as set out by the European Community. The Workplace, (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 be intimate with physical conditions in theworkplace and require employers to meet minimum standards in relation to a wide range of issues, including care of buildings and equipment lighting provision of drinking body of water temperature ventilation rest manners trick facilities room dimensions and blank space cleanliness condition of floors and craft routes.The School Premises (England) Regulations 2012 apply to all maintained schools in England, and came into effect in October 2012. This legislation works in friendship with the Workplace Regulations, but applies specifically to school standards, which are often more stringent i.e. the provision of a medical room for pupils, or a lower uttermost temperature for hand wash drawing in childrens toilet facilities. To protect children and young people from harm on the premises, the school should work out the followingSafety of the indoor and outdoorsy play equipment, including water and sand play.Safety in the school kitchen, including the storage, p reparation and preparation of food.Fire safety, including maintaining clearly marked asphyxiate routes and doors.Appropriately sized furniture and equipment for the children.Safe storage of hazardous materials under the halt of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 2002.Appropriate adult-child ratios at all times.First maintenance training for staff, with sufficient numbers of first caution trained staff on the premises at all times.Safety in the dining hall, including hot food, spillages, choking risks etc.Vigilance in challenging nameless adults.Procedures for cleaning up bodily fluids, regurgitation or faeces.Internet safety.Hand washing facilities and practices.Adaptations where needed for children with special needs or disabilities.Safety of outdoor play areas, including access, space and floor surfacing.Safe storage and direction of medicines.Implementation of procedures for children and staff with illnesses, i.e. remaining away from school for 48 hours a fter distemper or diarrhoea.Anominated person for asbestos and legionella competency.Tidiness and safety of trade routes around the premises.Off-site educational visits have additional issues that could affect childrens safety. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 requires full risk assessments to be carried out prior to a visit. Employers must assess the risks of activities, plan measures to control the risks and inform employees of the measures. Staff must follow school and local anaesthetic Authority regulations, policies and guidance, which include evidence of parental permission emergency procedures first aid kit and trained staff appropriate clothing and equipment qualified staff for activities adult to children ratios special educational or medical needs of the children approval of volunteers (including DBS checks) age and competency of the pupils and transport arrangements. Health and Safety arrangements also require members of staff to go on col leagues/ of age(p) staff aware of their whereabouts and movements. chance assessments.It is a legal requirement for all employers to consort out risk assessments. Risk assessments are a formal examination of things that could cause harm to people. The Health and Safety executive guidance sets out a simplex Five Steps to Risk AssessmentStep 1 Look for the hazards and risks. A hazard is something that can cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of harm together with the consequences should it take place.Step 2 finalize who could be harmed and how.Step 3 It is necessary to differentiate between hazards and risks and then to prioritise them, dealing with the most serious risks first. specify whether the existing precautions are sufficient. If not, decide what other precautions should be introduced and ensure that they are seat in place.Step 4 Record your actions and findings.Step 5 Review the assessment at regular intervals, or if circumstanceschange, and revise if necessary.Risk asse ssments should be used within the school setting e.g. for a new climbing frame or for outdoor water play, and also for off-site visits regardless of their duration. The head teacher is ordinarily responsible for risk assessments and should sign and date them after they are completed. If existing precautions are not satisfactory, then activities may have to be restricted or halt until changes are made. Changes may involve staff training or additional equipment. Risk assessments will also need to be carried out for individuals with special needs or disabilities and specialists may come to the school to carry them out. Other individuals may require a risk assessment in authorized circumstances, i.e. a pupil on crutches or temporarily in a wheelchair. Ofsted inspectors would yield risk assessments to be available as part of their inspections.Risk assessments should form part of a schools charge processes and help to formalise working practices and arrangements. They are a valuable t ool for identifying problems and capability problems, monitoring situations and ensuring precautions are taken to keep children and adults safe from harm.